Protest and Personal Change 1963-72

Student Protest

No. Americans 50s in further ed inc sharply - late 60s 50% 18+ in college w/ 20% achieving degrees - college campuses place for political + social debate
1964 one of first student demonstrations at uni of Cali at Oakland - organised by Free Speech Movement + call for ban on political activity on campus
1968 221 major demonstrations took place covering Vietnam, more participaion in student gov + freedom - 1972 uni campuses place of revolution + LW activity
Students for Democratic Society founded at Uni of Michigan 1960 by Hayden + Haber - 1962 Hayden produce 'Port of Huron Statement' which set out SDS aims - claim USA dominated by large corps, gov + uni aim to oppress individual
Opposition to Vietnam War - SDS supporters inspired by civil right militants 'Rap' Brown - 1965 Hayden organise march on Washington DC - aim to emulate civil rights march 1963
Spring 1967 500,000 marchers went to NYC Central Park to protest against Vietnam War - some burnt draft cards + others criticise US military policy in Vietnam War
Jan 1968 Johnson admin claim USA winning in Vietnam - next month communist forces launch tet offensive - attack major cities in South Vietnam - even enter US embassy - disillusionment

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1969 announcement that US troops massacre women/children My Lai
1968 campus across US affected by proteststors who want to take over uni campuses + end VW
At Democratic Party Convention to choose Dem presidential candidate in Chicago 1968 rioting - SDS + Yippies cause mayhem protesting - mayor send 12,000 police to stop riots
Fragmentation of the movement - 1969 extremist terrorist group 'Weather Underground Organisation' engage in bombings of gov + uni buildings - show radicalness
US Presidents Commission on Campus unrest - reject work ethic + materialism - lead to Silent Majority

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Relations between sexes + attitudes towards sex change rapidly
Contraceptive pill major impact - approved 1960 Federal Drug Admin + by 1962 1.2m using, 6.5m 1965
During 1960s casual sex more common + by mid 1970s survey of 8 colleges found 76% female + 75% male had sex by junior year, 3rd year
'Free Love'
Divorce rate increased 100% 1960s + 82% by 1982
No. people living alone increased from 10.9% 1964 to 23% 1980
Tradtitional ideas decreased dramatically

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Father Knows Best + **** Van Dyke Show - women's place at home
1965 25m women in regular employment - 40% married women w/ young children in FT PT employment 1968
1964-73 prop 20-24yrs employment increased 50% to 61%
1960 - pill - social + economic position changing
1963 Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique - m/c domestic bliss = 'comfortable concentration camp' - women need opportunity for alternative lifestyles
1966 year that women's liberation movement created - 1964 Civil Rights Act
Friedan + 300 feminists form NOW - feel civil rights fail - campaign for equality in jobs, fed + state support for childcare + abortions
Complain to EEOC - 1st case of stewardesses - claim ind female only + job requirements demand particular age, weight + appearance - EEOC rule airlines not fire women for getting married or when they reach certain age
1967-8 Women's Liberation Movement created, more radical than NOW - protest against Miss America in Atlantic City - claim it's degrading
Roe v Wade made abortion legal 1973

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Major change in youth + fashion e.g. long hair, beads + faded jeans
Young women flout conventional views on sex - experiment w/ drugs
San Francisco most associated w/ counterculture - 1967 centre of 'flower power' and ' make love not war'
Beatles release 'All You Need is Love'
Counterculture led to revolution in pop music + late 1950s + early 1960s rocknroll + protest folk music associated w/ singer/songwriters like Bob Dylan
1963 pop music + fashion change w/ bands like Rolling Stones + the Doors linked w/ rebellion
Summer 1969 at Yasgur's Farm in Upper NYS - Woodstock Music Festival attract over 40,000 young people. Performers include Joan Baez + Jimi Hendrix

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1963 being gay was still illegal in US
WW2 thousands of men + women dishonorably discharged from army for being gay
1953 Eisenhower issue executive order claim homosexuality sufficient reason to fire fed employee
Gay men subject to 'gay bashing' from public + police
1st male groups supporting gay rights was Mattachine Society, 1950
1955 lesbian rights the Daughters of Bilitis
1965 group march in front of WH to protest oppression gay people
17 June 1969 NYPD raid Stonewall Inn w/c gay bar in Greenwich Village, Manhattan, riot for 3days
Stonewall riots created gay movement - get American Pschiatric Society to remove homosexuality from list of mental illnesses 1973
By 1973 almost 800 gay + lesbian organisations formed
1977 San Fran 1st openly gay elected official Harvey Milk - later assassinated

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