Nigeria

• Location:
• West Africa
• captial is Abuja
• Global importance of Nigeria:
• 21st largest economy
• will be the third biggest country in the world in 2050
• 12th biggest oil seller
• 5th largest contributor to UN peacekeeping
• Importance in Africa:
  highest GDP in 2014
• highest farming output in Africa
• could lead the way in Africa's future development as it has huge potential

• Political:
• gained independence in 1960
• stable government since 1999
• China is making major investments in construction in the capital, Abuja
• Social:
• multi-faith: Islam, Christianity and traditional African religions
• different ethnic groups: Yoruba (21%), Hausa and Fulani (29%) and Igbo (18%)
• economic inequality between the north and south has created religious and ethnic tensions, with rise of Boko Haram. This has created an unstable situation. 
• Cultural:
• Nigeria has won the African cup of nations 3 times
• 'Nollywood' is the second largest film industry in the world
• Environmental:
• North: Sahel and Sahara desert, and Savanna
• South: high temperatures, high rainall, forests- no cattle.

• Political links:
• Commonwealth
• African union: economic plannin and peacekeeping groups. Provides troops
• UN: in 2014, it had contributed the 5th largest number of peacekeeping troops
• Trading relationships:
• 30% of Nigeria's total trade is with the EU
• Top importer is China - produces mass goods for cheap labour
• Only two African countries among top trading partners
• Why Nigeria has an important role to play regionally and internationally:
• Exports across Africa but also with other countries and has trade links globally
• Produces oil which is very valuable and is needed across the world
• Biggest exports: crude oil (sweet oil), cocoa and rubber (all raw materials)
• Biggest importer: telephones from China (7th biggest phone owners in the world)

• 1960: was mainly agucultural exports to UK and the British empire
• 2018: oil (14% GDP and 98% export earnings)
• Sectors of employment:
• employment in agriculture (primary sector) has fallen 
• industrialisation and economic growth (secondary) has increased employment in oil production and manufacturing industries such as construction
• growth of communications, retail and finance( in the tertiary sector)
• these changes result in a more balanced economy
• Why Nigeria's economy is developing:
• many people speak English (grwoth potential in telecommunications)
• IT is beginning to drive the economy rather than oil
• rapid advances in technology
• Why Nigeria can manufacture goods:
• large home market  for purchasing prodcuts e.g. cars
• cheap labour force
• money from oil to invest

• regular paid ork gives people a more secure income and provides a large home market
• manufacturing industries stimulate growth through close links with each other, e.g. companies supplying parts for making cars
• as industries grow, more people are employed and revenue from taxes increase
• a thriving industrial sector attratcs foreign investment 

• TNC: a company that operates in several countries. Usually  HQ is in one country, and production in others
• They locate in foregin countries to take advantage of:
• tax incentives
• cheaper labour
• laxer environmental laws
• access to a wider maket
• Advantages:
• companies provide employment and skill development
• more money is spent in the economy
• investment by companies in local infrastructure and education
• Disadvantages:
• working conditions are sometimes very poor
• much of the profit generated goes abroad
• management jobs often go to foreign employees brought in by the TNC

• Shell oil has been able to invest huge amounts of money and expertise into extracting oil in Nigeria
• Benefits:
• providing direct employment for 65,000
• giving 91% of Shell contratcs to Nigerian companies
• supporting the growth of Nigeria's energy sector
• Problems:
• oil spills have caused water pollution and soil degradation, reducing agricultural production and fishing yield
• requent oil flares send toxic fumes into thr air
• militant groups disrput oil supply in the delta
• oil theft and sabotage are big problems in the region, reducing production levels and costing TNCs and the government billions of dollars every year

• There are two main types of aid:
• emergency aid
• developmental aid: long-term support given by charities, governments and mulit-lateral organisations. Aims to improve quality of life
• Why Nigeria gets aid:
  Many people are poor, 100 million live on less than US$1 a day
• Impact of aid:
• most successful type of aid is by NGOs (e.g. Amnesty)
• How aid benefits Nigeria:
• Aid from USA helps educate and protect people against the spread of HIV/AIDs
• NGO 'Nets for life' provides education on malaria prevention and distributes anti-mosquito nets to many households
• UK aid has helped 780,000 births (improves HDI) and 840,000 have access to clean drinking water

• Industrial growth:
• harmful pollutants go into open drains and water channels
• some industries dispose of chemical waste on nearby land
• industrial chimneys emit poisonous gases that can cause respiratory and heart problems 
• Urban Growth:
• squatter settlements are common
• waste disposal has become a major issue
• traffic congestion leads to high levels of exhaust fumes
• Mining and oil extraction:
• tin mining led to soil erosion
• oil spills have disastrous impacts on freshwater and marine ecosystems
• Bodo oil spills: 2008/2009
• fishermen lost their jobs so thier kids couldn't go to school
• contaminated water, so fish died
• thousands of hectares of mangrove were destroyed
• Shell's compensation: 16,000 Nigerians (fishermen) received $3300, remaining $30m to community. They also pledged to clean the Bodo Creek up,

• better acces to safe water and sanitation
• improvements to infrastructure such as roads
• better-quality healthcare with more hospitals and doctors
• reliable, better-paid jobs in manufacturing industries or services
• higher disposable income to spend on schooling, food, clothes and home improvements
• Still problems:
• many people are still poor with limited access to safe water and sanitation
• oil wealth has not been used effectively (due to corruption)
• Will quality of life continue to improve:
• political- the need for a continuing stable government to encourage investment
• environmental- pollution of Niger Delta by oil spills has devastated lives. Pests like the Tsetse fly restrict commerical livestock farming. Parts of the north are at risk from desertification
• social- historical distrust remains between tribal groups. Religious divide between Christian south and uslim north. Boko Haram spread fear among investors

NIGERIA

(a case study of an LIC or NEE)