Nigeria

Nigeria is in west Africa bordered by Benin, Niger, Chad and Cameroon

Tropical climate with a hot, wet south and a long, dry season in the north

Nigeria is an NEE (Newly Emerging Economy) with the 21st largest economy in 2014

12th largest producer of oil with 2.7% of world's oil being the basis of economic growth

Importance in Africa

• Highest GDP and population (182mn) in Africa in and 3rd largest manufacturing sector in 2014
• 70% of pop. in agriculture with Africa's highest farm output

Political context

• After idependance in 1960 and civil war 1967-70 Nigeria finally had stable government in 1999
• China has invested in capital Abuja and American cooporations have moved in

Social context

• Several ethnic groups including Yoruba and Hausa and multifaith with Christianity and Islam
• Ethnic conlifct lead to civil war and innequality between north and south lead to Boko Haram

Regional variation

• Huge variation with wealth and development with 60% urban secondary education and only 36% rural
• GDP highest in South, US$3325 more than lowest south east

Cultural Context

• Nigerian music and literature is well known around the world
• Nolly wood is 2nd largest film industry and won African cup of nations 3 times

Environmental context

• North is semi-desert and grassland with cattle grazing and crops such as cotton and millet 
• south has high temperatures and rainfall and forest crops like oil palm and pests kill cattle

World wide

• UN's 5th largest number of troops for peacekeeping force
• Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries aim to stablize oil prices
• Main export such as refined petroleum and natural gas and rubber 
• Main import of cars from Brazil and rice and wheat
• Main demand for oil to India and China and cocoa and rubber to Barbados for processing 

 Oil in the Niger Delta completely changed the economy with 14% of GDP instead of agriculture

A decrease in agriculture due to better machinary and increase in industry and oil under stable government and in communications and retail the economy has become balanced

Manufacturin accounts for 10% GDP with growing home market, improved machinary and cheap labour it is destined to grow producing processed foods, leather and textiles

This growth has lead to:

• Secure and regular pay so people can purchase cars and electrical appliances
• Mutliplur effect with growth of companies that supply car parts
• Attracts foriegn investment which leads to further growth
• Oil processing creates by-products that are used to manufacture soaps and detergants

Advantages ---> Provide employment and new skills with money invested in local infrasturture and a multiplier effect

Disadvantages ----> Poor pay and working conditions and profit may leak abroad and grants used to attract could be spent on industry instead

Unilever

• Anglo-Dutch TNC started manufacturing soap using oil palm now diversified to food and personal care items too
• Employs 1500 and works with local cultures and market with high standards of environmental stewardship

Shell Oil

• Major contributor of taxes with 65000 direct workers and 250000 related workers supporting energy
• Oil theft and sabotage cost TNC billions and oil spills pollute water and affect agriculture

Recieves 4% of African countries aid to help 60% earn <63p a day

• From USA and UK funds health education projects and protection against HIV espically in rural areas
• NGO Nets for life help dramatically reduce malaria in many housholds
• $500Mn from World bank 2014 to fund development projects and loan to small businesses

But Aid is prevented by

• corruption - money can be diverted to other such as navy
• Money may promote commercial self intrest of donor or the donor may have political influnence of money use

Aduwan Health Centre --> Built in Kaduna State in the North in 2010 by Action Aid help educate mothers about immunisation ansd tests for HIV and other infections

Industrial growth

• cities e.g Lagos harmful pollutants go into open drains and water channels 
• Nearby land used for chemical diposites threatns groundwater quality
• Desertification increased as large scale dams and irrigation schemes built

Urban

• Poor services can keep up with growth = waste disposal issues and roadside dumps
• Traffic congestion leads to high levels of exhaust emissions 
• Green spaces turned to concrete and deforestation destroying habitats

Mining and oil extraction

• Tin mining lead to soil ersoin and toxic water pollution 
• oil spills damage ecosystem and fires add more harmful gases and leading to acid rain
• 2008/2009 Bobo oill spill devaste thousands of farmers ---> Shell compensate £55Mn and clean up swamps and fishing ground

Increase from one of least developed nations (2000) to one highest avrage HDI improvment (2011)

People have better quality health care, diet, access to sanitaion with reliable income and electricity

Life expectancy from 1990 to 2013 increase by 6 yrs and Mortality decrase by 96 /1000

Oil wealth not evenly distributed and large gap between rich and poor with 60% pop. live in poverty

As oil prices flutuate and oil deveops elsewhere Nigeria's over-dependance will lead to problems

Improvements will depend on:

• Continuing a stable government
• Reducind oil spills and pollution in Niger Delta and desertification in the far north
• Reduce recent fears with Boko Haram spreading fear amoung investors