Human Geography 2017

Amazonian Rainforest- Birth rates and death rates are high and roughly in balance

Democratic Republic of the Congo- The death rate dropped massively, improvements in food supply and sanitation, improvments to farming techniques, access to technology, basic healthcare and education. 

Mexico- Birth rate fallen due to access to contraception, increases in wages, urbanization, a reduction in subsistence agriculture, an increase in the status and education of women. 

UK- There are both low birth and death rates 

Germany- Birth rate has fallen below death rate as a result of the equality of women, and the cost of children. Most couples now get married much later, and so have very few children.

What and Why?

• China has the worlds largest population of 1.3billion
• country was heading for famine in the 1970s
• 1979, policy was introduced
• Must marry in late 20s
• must only have one successful birth
• must be sterilized after first birth
• range of economic benefits for one child
• severe penalties for having more children

Advantages-

• population growth has slowed to allow more food and jobs
• 400million fewer born
• increased technology and exploitation of resources had increased living standards
• new industris have lifted millions out of poverty

Disadvantages-

• Women forced to have abortions as late as the 9th month of pregnancy
• local officials and government have power over private affairs
• Chinese society prefers sons over daughters, many girls were placed in orphanages or allowed to die

Changes-

• young couples who are single children can have 2 children themselves
• rural areas can have more than 1 child to help farm
• ethnic minorities can have more than one child as it doesn't affect the population

What and Why?

• India was the first developing country to launch a national family planning programme 1952
• It included contraception and social changes- created a socitey that supported smaller families
• Population was 3 times the national average 
• improved education standards and more equality for girls
• Adult literacy lessons
• reduced infant mortality
• free contraception

Differences to China-

• Raised the status of women to focus on careers
• created 'social awareness' of improved life of smaller families
• gave families choice
• changed attitudes in Kerala rather than forcing actions

Causes-

• people are living longer
• lots of babies born in the 40s and 60s led to a 'pensioner boom'
• birth rates have fallen from 1970

Problems-

• more elderly people are living in poverty because working population isn't large enough to support
• government is struggling to pay low state pension
• health service under pressure

Stratagies to cope with an ageing population-

• raise the retirement age
• encourage immigration of young people
• encourage women to have more children
• encourage people to take out private pensions

Push factors-

• wages in Poland are much lower, £200 a month average
• Poland has the highest unemployment rate in Europe
• youth unemployment is 40%

Pull factors- 

• wages in UK are much higher, 7x Polish wage 
• wages for low skilled jobs in UK are higher than skilled jobs in Poland
• Uk unemployment is very low at 5%

Positive impacts on the UK-

• Polish workers fill gaps in the labour market
• ageing population means working population is low

Negative impacts on the UK-

• some people argue that Polish workers put UK workers out of work
• Polish business people e.g. builders can undercut UK firms by accepting lower wages and working longer more unsociable hours

Positive impacts on Poland-

• migration helped to solve unemployment in Poland
• workers can send money back to Poland to support family and economy

Negative impacts on Poland-

• shortage of key workers 
• Polish towns are left with ageing population

Asylum seekers are people who are at risk in their own countries. They become refugees when they settle in another country.

The wars in Iraq and Afghanistan have increased asylum claims. Two million Iraqis have already left the country and mostly end up in EU countries. Another 1.8 million refugees live away from their homes in Iraq and many feel threatened to want to leave.

Sweden is particuarly generous to asylum seekers. By 2007, 70,000 Iraqis lived there. The Netherlands, Germany, Greece, Belgium and the UK have given homes to most of the rest.

Asylum seekers are the largest group currently seeking reguge in the EU and this is set to continue, with requests increased to 38,286 in 2007 from 19,376 the previous year.

Why the decline?

• fallen population
• unemployment rise
• poor access to the rest of London
• limited shopping facilities
• 95%+ of housing was rented
• lack of open space and recreation facilities

The London Dockland Development Corporation (LDDC) was responsible for the development.

Aims:

• Ensure housing is availiable to all
• Bring land and buildings into use
• Encourage development of existing industry
• Create an attractive environent  

• £10 million spent of improving homes
• 17 conservation areas set up
• Access improved with the Docklands Light Railway
• Old warehouses into high quality apartments
• Open space left
• 24,000 new homes
• Major new roads (M11)
• London City Airport built
• Over 700 new firms 
• Local artists contributed scultures to the area
• New shopping centre built
• 85,000 employed 
• Resturants and Bars on the ground floor of warehouses
• 200,000 trees planted
• 31 miles of waterfront opened up to the public 

Housing:

• Growth of the UK households is set to increase
• More people living alone
• Ageing population
• Migration starins housing demand further

Solutions- Urban renewal schemes, build new towns in the countryside, regenerate old housing and build on both green and brownfield sites.

Traffic:

• In London the average speed is 10.6MPH 
• Pollution and congestion levels are high

Solutions- Congestion charging reduces traffic up to 25%, park and ride, improve public transport (extra 300 buses) pollutants were reduced by 14%.

Cultural Mix:

• 300 languges spoken in London schools
• Segregation of different cultures

OldHam Race Riots: 

• May 2001 there were race riots in Oldham betweem white and Aisian Muslim communities

Solutions- More money put into education, English lessons, providing community cnetres, helping minorities to start their own businesses.

The Beddington Zero Energy Development is the UK's first and largest carbon neutral eco-community.

Aims:

• Including a 'Green transport plan'
• 'Zero fossil energy development', one that will produce at least as much energy from renewable sources as it consumes 
• A socially inclusive sustainable community 
• High density development suitable for inner city areas and the model will minimise urban sprawl.

Key features:

• The new housing is arranged in 5 terraces, all face south to maximise heat gain from the sun.
• Each house has triple storey conservatories to maximise light and warmth from the sun. Outer walls and roofs are super-insulated combined with triple-glazed windows which negates the need for any heating systems
• Wind powered ventilation system keeps the homes filled with fresh air
• Constructed from recycled, reclaimed environmentally accredited and local materials
• A combined heat and power plant meets most of the energy demand and is fuelled by waste woodchips
• Designed to only use renewable resources 

China's Air Pollution:

Causes- burning coal (6 million tonnes per day), an increase in car ownership and ships also contribute to air pollution

Impacts- the air quality in Beijing is 16 times worse than Shanghai, air pollution can cause heart, lung disease and cancer and rispiratory diseases

Solutions- congestion charging, people can only drive on certain days, renewable, cleaner enery and improving public transport

India's Water Pollution:

Causes- open sewers run into the river Ganges, toxic waste disposed of, bodies are dumped in the river and industry waste into the river (leather)

Impacts- diarrhoea , typhoid, open wound infections, callouses and rotten nails

Solutions- control of pollution from agricultural run-off, human defecation, throwing of bodies into the river, research and development, sewage treatment and resource recovery (methane)

Africa's Waste Disposal:

Causes-  10,000 TV's, 23,000 computers sent to Afriva, 8000 tonnes in Lagos

Impacts- 4000 people living/working on rubbish dump, most rubbish dumps in LEDCs are overflowing, children injured and catch diseases on the dumps

Solutions- Recycling sent back to industries to re-use, scavengers sell items to make money, mass recyling programmes

Characteristics:

• run down
• self-built
• dirty
• corrugated iron
• no running water
• sewerage
• high disease
• jobs in informal sector 
• tension in community
• lots of children

Improvements to the slum:

• improving the quality of housing
• installing water, electricity, sanitation
• providing regualr employment 
• build schools and improve education
• provide medical care
• legal ownership of the land
• reduce the population density
• self-help schemes

Salinga Water Project:

• sanitation and clean water across Kibera
• piped water into Kibera
• children get education by saving time from not collecting water
• provides jobs 
• less manual exhaustion

KENSUP:

• In Soweto East- Kibera
• government/UN human settlements programme running the scheme
• new appartements are built- 3 rooms
• low cost rent- 3000 kenyan shillings
• the appartements are secure
• clean, running water
• less disease

Blackpool is located in Lancashire, north of Liverpool, Northwest coast of England. Visitor numbers= 1930- 7 million and 1946- 17 million

Growth- Railways had a major impact on visitor numbers brining in visitors from northen cities, many attractions were developed in the Victorian times- North pier, 2nd pier, Winter Gardens, Illuminations, South pier and Blackpool Tower

Decline- 1960s saw surplus planes left over from the war which meant travel companies could offer cheaper flights, people had paid holidays, disposible income and package holidays to take holidays abroad. Holidays taken abroad= 1971- 6.7 million and 2009- 58.5 million, as tourist numbers decreased the area went into decline, building into disrepair, jobs and livlihoods were lost.

Rejuvenation- Blackpool offered cheaper accomodation, food and drink, had favourable offers for hen and stag parties (although this put off families), bought in private sector (company built 2nd largest rollarcoaster) and rejuvenated the sea front to make it more attractive.

Attractions- Scafel Pike, Lake Windermere, Grizedale Forest, Dove Cottage and Grasmere

Conflicts-

• farmers and ramblers- walking over land
• locals and 2nd homeowners- driving up costs
• water sports and sightseers- noise/visual pollution
• locals and tourists- congestion
• park rangers and tourists- litter, pollution and spoilt land

Solutions-

• 10MPH speed limit on Lake Windermere
• Large pay and display car parks on edge of villages
• public transport encouragement 
• 'Fix-The-Fells'- stones on pathways
• limited parking inside villages 
• The British Trust for Conservation repairs footpaths
• Friends of the Lake District- water quality and building wind farms

Traffic Problems and Management- Elterwater (Honey pot site)

• Prevent parking where it causes congestion
• Prevent parking where it causes erosion of grass verges 
• Prevent parking around village green
• Promote better use of peripheral car parks
• Adress speed by use of advisory speed limits
• Providing permit holder parking for locals

Bali is an island and a province of Indonesia, the capital is Denpasar and it has a population of 4.22 million, it is within the tropics.

• all year round hot climate- between 24-32 degrees
• secluded beaches
• coral reefs 
• varied cultural attractions

Problems-

• Pollution
• Environmental damage
• Cultures ruined
• Landscape changed 
• Crowded beaches
• Fighting for space
• Rubbish in tonnes
• Mangrove forest and beaches ruined
• Noise pollution
• Farmers losing land
• Exploited bu investors

Solutions-

• new sewerage system
• local protests towards development
• preserving culture and tradition
• laws against further development 
• development of ecotourism

Balinese and Indonesian Cooking Class-

• environmentally- using local ingredients eliminates importationand local crops are cared for
• economically- local people can profit from selling their ingredients 
• socially/culturally- cultures kept alive by people learning this style of cooking

Balinese Calligraphy-

• economically- locals can charge a small fee to teach tourists this art
• socially/culturally- cultures kept alive by learning this art

Climate Change and Sustanability Workshops-

• environmentally- tourists learn how to help limit the impacts of climate change and become more environmentally aware
• economically- tourists will donate money to fund these projects
• socially/culturally- tourists will become more aware of their actions

Threats-

• visits have risen from 6,700 in 1992-3 to over 45,000 in 2008-9
• most tours involve the same stretch which concentrates damage to one area
• fragile ecosystem takes years to recover
• few links in food web e.g oil spills, kill krill, fish and birds 
• fears over cruise ships running aground
• concern over distruption to wildlife and reduction in populations of animals, penguins and bird life
• general stress and disturbance caused to animals
• fear of bringing non-native species that could damage the ecosystem balance

Management for Sustainability-

• Antarctic Treaty discussed beforehand with tourists
• visitors must have a qualified guide and must stay within the group and in designated areas
• maxiumum stay is 4 hours 
• educational lectures on board ships so tourists understand about the fragility of the Antarctic Ecosystem, leaving no rubbish and not walking on fragile areas
• maxiumum of 500 people on board cruise ships
• maxiumum of 100 visitors on land at any one point
• set distance from animals
• radio contact between ships to maintain distance