Henry VII

• Margret beaufrot was related to the john of gaunt who was the duke of Lancaster

• Mostly on his victory at the battle of Bosworth- sign from god that he should be king

• Wanted a dynasty

• Have an effective government

• Have a stable system for law and order

• Have control over nobility

• Have good finances

• Dated Bosworth- before the 21^st of august (what the day after) therefore it made his reign a day easier so the people that supported Richard where traitors and there estates where claimed by the act of attainder

• Arranged his coronation 30^th oct before his parliament 7^th nov - shows that he was in fact king

• Married Elizabeth of York jan 1486- uniting the households

• Birth of Arthur- September 1486

• Support from the church- asking pope innocent to marry so that his children could never be claimed illegitimate

• Earl of Warwick (Edward v1 nephew) to be detained

• Added nobles such as regenial bray as chancellor and William Stanley as Chamberlin of the household

• Tonnage and poundage- right to raise revenue for the whole reign on imports and exports

• Acts of attainder- declared landowners guilty of rebellion against the monarch- lost land titles etc, heirs also couldn’t inherit the land

• The king was the head and then then men he chose to sit with- kings council

• Created smaller committees within the council

• Council learned in law- collect things such warships, not liked due to their connection with bonds and recognizes, strongly hated

• Trusted to run the regional councils

• Howard, jasper Tudor, poyning

• Justice of peace- power to arrest and imprison also issue punishments

• Sheriffs- managed parlimentyray elections. Detention of criminals

• Court of kings bench could override an decision made

• Acts of attainder (1485,87,95) which took land off people

• Retaining- fine for keeping an army

• Limited parliaments power to show the power that the crown had

• Used his wealth to

• Reward loyal service

• Bribe opponents

• Fund armies

• Strengthen the crown in the future

• The regular income

• From crown lands, custom duty’s, federal duties, legal system

• Come to the crown on particular occasions- not regular

• Bonds and recognases

• Clerical taxes

• Federal obligations

• French pensions

• Loans and benevolses

• Parliamentary grants

• Nobility: attainders, retaining and good service

• Church: gave the church patronage and protection, the pope supported henry

• Law and order: JP and sheriffs, trusted in nobles to look over regional governments

1509- he was still sotring his freoign policty until his death showing that it was never the most secure relationship aboard

1487- France invade brittainy

1488- anglo france truce

1489- Treaty of readon between England and France,

 treaty of medina Del campo between England and France

1492- England invades France, treaty of estaples between France and

1493- trade embrgo with the neverlqnds

1496- magnus intercursus,

1497- truce of ayton

1501- marriage of prince Arthur and cathrine of aragon

1506- malus intercurus, Treaty of winsor

• Had to have a male hier- Arthur

• Spare- henry

• Wanted marriage alliancince with eupean countries to strengthen his position

• Yorkists that still had a cliam to the throne

• Edward ealr of warwick

• John de la pole

• Warrick sent to the tower until 1499 where he was executed for conspiring with perkin warbeck

• Lincoln was asked to join the government and the kings council- joined the lambert and simnle rebellion and was killed at the battle of stoke 1487

• Defensive because he secured the throne through usperation

• Biggest issues where pretenders

• He used treaties to stop countries from supporting pretenders, and also not to aid anyone such as earl of suffork, Richard del la pole

• Used to create a closer union to nebiouring countries such as Spain and Scotland

• Churchmen- had people such as john Morton and Richard fox as archbishops who were also part of the kings council to advise the king

• Nobility and gentry- ratio of people to nobles- 1500:55/ 1% of the population. All nobles had a seat in the house of lords, controlled through carrot and sticks

• Commoners- the diversion started to blur towards the end of the 16^th century as the increase in nobility started

• Limited the power of the marcher lords (wales) and the county palastines of durham and Chester

• Regional loyalties where strong and caused friction when henry tries to impose new laws

• Started by taxation

• Murdered northumbland

• Never raised tax again

• Demanded extorindary revenue

• lord Audley and rebels where killed

• lord doubney tried to help

• Simmel was made to be out the earl of warwick

• Put together by john de la pole earl of Lincoln- Yorkist

• Henry paraded the earl of warwick through London to show that simnel was lying

• reminded him of Bosworth- very similar

• earl of oxford- led henrys army where effective

• earl of Lincoln- killed

• claimed to be Richard duke of York

• battle of stoke- fled, coordinated by Robert Clifford

• used foreign policy to stop Warbeck from gaining more support abroad

• joined the Cornish rebellion

• alleged tried to escape with the earl of Warwick and so where executed

• led by Richard supporters- Lovell and Humphrey Stafford

• lovell escaped

• Humphrey was captured and executed

• Thomas Stafford was pardond

• 90% of the population lived and worked on the land

• Most important where cloth, coal and iron- cloth being the biggest

• Cloth and agriculture worked hand in hand because it relied on the sheep for wool

• Exported through the city of Antwerp, used a wepon against britatny whne they supported Perkin Warbeck

• Yorkshire and east Anglia where doing well with cloth

• Built a merchant fleet to compete with rivals

• Navigation acts (1485-86) whe4re passed In order to protect English trade by only hiring the Englishmen first

• Hoped to break the hanseatic league that held the monopoly in the market

• Keen to explore over seas

• Patronized john and Sebastian colbot who sailed to north America and claim new land

• They were also given the task of finding a sea route to reach Asia

• More interested in Europe

• The development of industry and expansion of trade in the mediterrean and Baltic contributed to the economy massively

• However they followed periods of depression

• 1493- after the trade embargo with the Netherlands the country faced great depression because they supported Perkin Warbeck

• Prosperity- after intercursus Magnus- 1496 and intercursus mauls- 1507

• Center of most people’s lives

• The church of England was under control of the pope, however it was henrys job to appointment bishops and clergy

• Allowed to use the wealth of the church

• Idea of anticlericalism started to grow in the late 15^th century

• As well as the idea of lollardy

• By opposing this henry grew an ally with the church, teaching people that it was a sin to rebellion against henry

• Culture developments in the content- renaissance

• Humanism- return of classic original texts on all walks of life where as before it had been restricted to only people who were from the upper classes of life

• Desiderius Erasmus visited England- 1499 and celebrated work of classical teaching done by john Colet

• Henry patronized this type of learning the actively encouraged it

• Printing press- 1476 by William Claxton

• Major English texts into French and Latin

• Erasmus- made fun of the church and where seen as radical idea.

• Used printing press and propaganda and denouncing the rule of Richard 111