Henry VII 1485-1509

What were the main divisions within Tudor society?

The Monarch

Clergy

Nobility

Gentry

Paupers

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What was the population in the 1520s?

2.3 Million people

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When was the Battle of Bosworth?

August 1485

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Where did Henry and his army land?

Near Pembroke in Wales and marched north then towards the east (English Border)

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Who did Henry gain support from? Who were they?

Rhys ap Thomas

One of the most powerful landowners in Wales

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When did Henry's army and King Richard III's army

22nd August 1485

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How did Henry consolidate his position and right t

Coronation

Marriage to Elizabeth of York

Summoning of parliament

Royal progress

Rewarding of supporters

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What problems did Henry face?

Powerful nobles

Limits to monarch's control

Poor finances

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What powers did the nobility have?

Use of attainders

Attacks on retaining

Patronage

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Why did Henry use JPs?

To maintain law and order

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What was the Council Learned in Law?

Acts as a Royal debt collector

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Was parliament actively used?

Mainly to pass laws that the King wanted and to vote him additional taxes

(minor in political situations)

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What did Polydore Vergil write about Henry?

He wrote that people...

" Considered they were suffering not on account of their own sins but on account of the greed of their monarch"

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What were the two ways in which Henry controlled f

Ordinary revenue (regular)

Extraordinary revenue (rare)

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Examples of Ordinary revenue:

Crown lands

Feudal dues

Customs duties

Legal dues

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Examples of Extraordinary revenue:

Bonds and Recognisances

Loans and Benevolances

Feudal Dues

Clerical taxes

Parliamentary taxes

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What was the Simnel rebellion 1486?

Ireland

Joined by Yorkist claimant the Earl of Lincoln and 3000 German missionaries

Crossed into England and defeated by the English army @ the Battle of Stoke 1487

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What was the Yorkshire rebellion 1489?

Located around Thirsk

Caused by Henry's attempts to raise money for his Britanny Campaign

Earl of Northumberland- Killed

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When and where did Perkin Warbeck first appear?

1491 Ireland

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Where did Warbeck attempt to invade first?

England by landing at Deal in Kent in 1495

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Where were there raids across in support of Warbec

The English-Scottish border in 1496-97

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What was the Cornish rebellion?

Tax rebellion

Caused by attempts to raise money to defend the norm against a possible Scottish invasion to support Warbeck

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Key events: SPAIN

Treaty of Medina del Campo 1489

The marriage of Prince Arthur to Catharine of Aragon

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Key events: Duke of Brittany

Military intervention in Brittany to prevent French annexation

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Key events: FRANCE

War against France to prevent the annexation of Brittany

English support (but no military action) for anti-French coalitions in the Italian war

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What were Henry's aims shaped by in Foreign Policy

His succession

Lack of finance

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Why was Henry's claim to the throne weak?

Because he was a usurper

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What was the Treaty of Medina del Campo 1489?

SPAIN and ENGLAND

Promised the marriage of Catherine of Aragon to Henry VIII's son Arthur

Worked together to defend their lands

Decided not to make any agreements with FRANCE without consulting eachother first

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What was the Breton crisis?

FEB 1489, Henry sent 3,000 troops to defend Bretons independence

Anne of Brittany pledged not to marry or form alliances without its consent

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What did the Treaty of Etaples 1492 set out?

Henrys army left France in return for 745,000 crowns to cover costs of the expedition

An agreement that the French King did not support any enemies of England

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How successful was their intervention?

It was difficult for Henry

Henry failed to restore English glories in Europe

POSITIVE

Calais belonged to England

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What did Henry want from James III?

For James to accept him as King of England

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Who acceded to the throne after James III?

15 year old James IV

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What did James IV do to show hostility towards Eng

They harboured Perkin Warbeck between 1495-97

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What is the Hanseatic League?

A league of German towns which dominated trade in the Baltic

They aimed to maintain a monopoly of trade there

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How did Henry want to break down the Hanseatic Lea

By getting parliament to pass Navigation Acts (1485-86)

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What did the Navigation Acts encourage?

The use of English ships to carry goods rather than foreign ships

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What did the 1489 Navigation Act do?

Limited the exportation of English wool

Illegal for foreigners to buy wool for making into cloth on the continent

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What did the 1496 Intercursus Magnus allow?

Allowed English Merchants to trade freely with all parts of Burgundy exept FLANDERS

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What did the 1490 treaty allow?

English wool to be imported into Pisa- the main port of Florence

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How many ships did Henry VII leave his sons?

9 quality battleships, bigger and better equipped than predecessors

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What was Portsmouth established as?

The country's first naval base

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Who did Henry support the voyages of?

John and Sebastian Cabot

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What happened to John Cabot?

He reached Newfoundland in 1497 and claimed it for England, but died on the way home

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What did Sebastian Cabot do?

Sailed with Henry's blessing in 1509 to find a route to China round North America

(Impossible- he did reach Hudson Bay)

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When did Arthur die?

1502

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When did Henry's wife, Elizabeth, die?

1503

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What did these deaths cause?

Renewed worries about the succession

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Who did Henry plan on marrying?

Queen Isabella

(died in 1504)

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Why did Henry move towards friendlier relations wi

Incase of possible agression from France

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When did Philip of Burgundy die?

October 1506

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Who did Henry want to ensure a friendship with?

The Netherlands and France

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What was the League of Cambrai? (1508)

Louis XII and Ferdinand came together with Charles and the Pope in an alliance against Venice

Therefore England was isolated

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How successful was Henry VII's foreign policy?

Succeeded but not because of a careful plan but an opportunity

On good terms with the majoirty of Europe

His dynasty was secure- marriage of Arthur to Catharine of Aragon

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What was less successful in Henry's foreign policy

Limited finances

Limited involvement

More concerned with acceptance

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What was Colin Pendrill's view (historian) on Henr

"Henry's regin was unstable because he had no real claim to the throne and he over-reacted to threats"

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