Geography coasts

Southampton

• Environmental, Economic, recreational
• St. Mary's Stadium. Southhampton FC. 32,000 people
• Key Haven Nature Reserve. 800  hectres mud flats & salt marshes. Migrating birds.
• Fawley chemical plant. One of largest in europe. Paint, rubber, ahhesive.
• Increasingly popular. 4 billion people, predicted 5.5 billion in 20 years time. 

Growth Poles

• Areas used for business development
• Dubai. Spent over £500 billion pounds improving infastructure and developing
• Built Dubailand-24 theme parks and shopping areas
• Largest indoor ski dome in the world
• The Palm Jumeriah-international hotel, shopping malls and yachting marina

• Many coastal areas use preservation to bring in tourists
• Key haven nature reserve, Southampton- 800 hectres of mud flats and salt marshes. Home to migrating birds.
• Praia do Forte, Brazil  - Brazil's first eco-resort. Being developed with the preservation of nature in mind. The motto is "enjoy without destroying"

Constructive Waves

• Long, low waves that spill on to the beach. Stong swash and weak backwash. 
• Low energy waves.
• Builds beaches though deposition
• Low frequency (7-9 per min)

Destructive Waves

• Short steep waves that plunge onto the beach
• Quite strong swash, but much greater backwash.
• Beach sediment draged into sea leaving cliff open to erosion
• High energy waves
• High frequency (10-12 per min)

Dsecribing Old Harry's Rock

• Isle of Purbeck, Dorset, UK
• Vertical stack
• 25 metres high
• White
• Chalk- made of compressed fossils called coccolith

Explain Old Harry's Rock

• Differential erosion occurs leaving headland and bay
• Processes of erosion and wethering work on head land and create cracks.
• Cracks eroded and turn into caves.
• Caves eroded in arches
• Arches get too big and collapse leaving stack

Erosion

• Hydraulic action-power of waves forces air into cracks and makes them bigger (10tonnes/msquared in storm 30 tonnes/msquared)
• Abrasion-waves fling pebbles and cobbles at cliff surface
• Attrition- small stones hit together and break down

Weathering

• Wetting/drying- when rocks are wet they expand and contract when dry. This prolonged expanding and contracting weakens rocks
• Solution- natural acidity of water corrodes cliff. 

• Prevailing wind pushes swash up beach at an angle
• Gravity pulls backwash back down 
• Constant coming in at angles transports sidiments along beach
• When longshore drift occurs and change of land dirction spit is formed
• Example, Spurn Head, Holdernss Coast- curved spit covers half of the Humber Estury

Beach Replenishment

• 25000 m^3 lost each year 
• 20000 sprayed on to the bach from sea bed
• 5000 brough in trucks 

Beach Recycling

• Sediment drifts down coast with longshore drift
• Taken back to its original place in lorries

Beach Reprofiling

• Backwash drags sediment down beach leaving top unprotected.
• Bulldozers push back up leaving gradual slope with protected top

St. Lucia

• Under pressure to develop for tourism
• Tourists damage coral reef by taking illegal souvineers (coral)
• Divers kill coral when they touch it
• SMMA (Soufriere marine managment area) set up to protect
• 4 sections 
• Marine reserves- areas of high environmental importance and a limited amount of organised diving is allowed
• Fishing priority-commercial fishing boats only
• Recreational areas- Areas for beach recreation
• Multipurpose areas- all activities allowed unless they break general rules

Holderness Coast

• Eroding fast-weak rock type, power of waves, unsheltered
• Boulder clay easy to erode as its unconsolidated
• Spurn head- spit, covers half of Humber estury
• Manged retreat- allowing land to flood so to prevent further erosion
• Happened at Kilnsea
• Did not put up denfences as was not cost efficient