Eukaryota cells organelles

Description

• Double membrane that surrounds the mebrance
• Outer membrane = surface has ER and ribosomes

Function  

• Control what material enters and exits to/from nucleus 
• contains the reactions taking placing within it

Description 

• 3000 pores in each nucleus 
• 40 - 100 u/m in diameter 

      Function

• allow passage of large molecules 
• either to cytoplasm or nucleus 
• E.g. RNA

Description 

• Granular
• jelly-like material
• makes the nucleus bulk 

Consists of protein- bound, linear DNA

Description 

• Small spherical region within nucleoplasm
  

Function 

• Manufactors ribosomal RNA
• Assembles the ribosomes

MAY BE MORE THAN 1 IN A NUCLEUS 

Function

• Controls the cell's activities. 
  • acts as the control centre of cell
  • through production mRNA and tRNA = hence protein synthesis 
• Contains the organism's hereditary material
  • retain genetic material 
  • in the form of DNA and chromosomes 
• Manufactures ribosomal RNA and ribosomes 

Description 

• Oval shape 
• Double membrane
• Inner membrane is folded and  form extension known as cristae
• high # in cells that have high level of metabolic activity

Function

• Aerobic stages of respiration (Krebs cycle and the oxidative phosphorylation pathway)
• production of the energy carrier molecule, ATP
  • from respiratory substrates = glucose
  • require a plentiful supply of ATP

Description 

• Extension of the inner membrane 
• Can extend in some species - across the whole width of the mitrochondrion

Function

• Provide large SA 
  • for the attachment of enzyme 
  • other protein involved in respiration 

Description 

• makes up the remainder of mitochondrion

Function 

• contains protein, lipids, ribosomes and  DNA 
  • that allows it to control the production of some their own protein
    
• Many enzymes involved in respiration are found in matrix 

Description 

• Varied in shape and size
• Typically disc shape, 2-10 u/m long & 1 u/m in diameter

Function

• Contain DNA and ribosome 
  • quickly easily manufacture some of the protein needed for photosynthesis

ROOT CELLS DO NOT HAVE CHLOROPLAST. 

Description

• double plasma membrane surrounds the organelle 

Function

• Highly selective in what it allows to enter and leave the chloroplast 

Description 

• stacks up to 100 disc like structure = THYLAKOIDS
  • Within is the photosynthetic pigment = CHLOROPHYLL
  • Tublar extension that joins up with the thylakoids in adjacent grana

Function 

• Provide larger SA
• Attachment of chlorophyll, electron carriers & enzyme 
  • Carry out the first stage of photosynthesis 
• These chemical are attached to the membranes in a highly ordered fashion  

Description 

• Fluid filled matrix 
• Within are a # of other structure - starch grains

Function 

• Possesses all the enzyme needed to make the sugars 
• for the second stage of photosynthesis

Description

• System of membranes enclosing a fluid-filled space
• Surface is covered with Ribosomes

Function

• Folds and processes protein
  • that have been made int he ribosomes
• provide large SA 
  • for the synthesis of protein and glycoprotein 
• provide a Pathway 
  • to transport of material - protein 

Description

• no ribosome
• tubular appearance

Function  

• Synthesis and processes lipids & carbohydrates

Descritpion 

• Group filled fluid membrane-bound flattened sacs - CISTERNAE
• With small rounded hollow structure - Vesicles 

Protein and lipids produced by ER passed through golgi apparatus in sequence. Golgi modifies these protein (often adding non-protein components  - carbohydrate). This 'labels' them, allowing them t accurately sorted and sent to correct destination. 

Function

• It processes and packages new lipids and protein 
• add carbohydrates to proteins to form glycoprotein
• form lysosomes

Description

• smalled fluid-filled sac in cytoplasm
• surrounded by a membrane and produced by the Golgi apparatus

Once sorted, modified proteins & lipids are transported in Golgi vesicles, which are regularly pinched off from the end of the Golgi cisternae. These vesicles may move to the cell surface, where they fuse with the membrane and release their content to the outside

Function

• Stores lipids and proteins made by the Golgi apparatus 
  
• transports them out of the cell

Description

• Formed by the Golgi vescile contain enzyme (protease and lipase) [about 50 enzyme]
• Some contain lysozymes (enzyme hydrolyse the cell walls of certain pathogens) 
• 1.0u/m in diameter 
• lysosomes isolate these enzyme from the rest of the cell before releasing them - either to the outside or into a phagocyte vesicle

Function

• Hydrolyse material ingested by phagocyte cells
• Release enzyme to the outside of the cell (exocytosis) in order destroy materail around the cell
• Digest worn out organelles  so that the useful chemicals they are made of can be re-used
• Completely break down cells after they have died (autolysis)

Description

• small cytoplasmic granual
• occur in cytoplasm OR associated with RER

80S = found in the eukaryotic (25nm diametre)

70S = found in the prokaryotic, mitochondria & chloroplast

• each contain ribosomal RNA and protein
• vast # in cell

Function

• protein synthesis

Description

• Consists # of microfibres of the polysaccharide cellulose  - embedded in a matrix
  • microfibres have alot of strength  = overall cell wall strength
• Thin layer (middle lamella) - marks the boundary between the cemented adjacent walls

Function 

• Provide mechanical strength in order  to prevent the cell bursting under the pressure created by the osmotic entry of water
• Mechanical strength as a whole
• Allow water to pass along so contributes to the movement of water through the plant 

PLANTS = CELLULOSE

ALGAE = CELLULOSE OR GLYCOPROTEIN

FUNGI = CHITIN (nitrogen polysaccharides)

Description 

• Fluid filled sac bounded by a single membrane (TONOPLAST)
  
• Contains solution of mineral salt, sugars, amino acid, waster and sometimes pigment (anthocyanins)

Function

• Make cells turgid 
• Sugars and amino acid may act as temporary food store
• Pigments may colour petal to attract pollinating insects.