Bulter Education Act- secondary education more equal (free)
11+ exam to determine if grammer, secondary modern or technical
AO3- didn't promote meritocracy, assumes intelligence innate (cultural capital), difficult to measure intelligence, fail= self fulling, MC pay for extra tutoring
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1965- Comprehensive System
tripartie abolished, anyone could go to comprehensive
local education authorities decide if schools go comprehensive
AO3- setting and streaming- MC high sets, "myth of meritocracy", catchment areas
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1979-1997- Conservative Gov
marketisation- Margret Thatcher (ERA-gov funding not local council, parentocracy)
Policies: 1) SATs & GCSEs- performance tests for targets, became excessive. 2) league tables- accountable, became too result focused `
Gwirtz- 3 types of parents: privileged skilled, disconnected local and semi-skilled choosers
New Vocationalism- young people lack employable skills. 1) national vocational qualifications- particular work, part time college and work. 2) youth training scheme- pay employers to train youths
AO3-only prepared for low pay and low skilled work, no jobs available = not reflection of their education
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1997-2010- New Labour Gov
mix of left (equality) & right (marketisation)
left policies: 1) EMA- WC given equipment (reduce drop out rate).2) FSM ensure WC had nutritious meals
right policies: 1) value added- +/- on league tables. 2)tuition fees- improve standards
AO3- MC in best schools, "exam factories", underestimate inequalities e.g., tuition fees
1) marketisation & Globalisation- encourage gov to develop "education market" polices. Hancock- UK economy make £18B in 2012 exporting education services and products. Ritzer "McDonalization"- 4 characteristics: efficiency (large classes, treated same), predicability, calculability and control. AO3- schools care about pupil's development, after school activities
2) international comparisons- 3 main statistics (PISA, TIMSS, PIRLS). Polices: slim down curriculum, teacher entry requirements (Finland), national literacy and numeracy strategy. Alexander- comparison leads to "moral panic" and search for "miracle cures". AO3- +Oates- age benchmarks helpful, evidence working. - only measures 3 subjects, cultural difs, Alexander- assumes will work in other countries
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Gender
triparties system- 11+ girls needed higher score
national curriculum- equal
GIST & WISE- non sexist career advice
AO3- girls outperform boys, identity and teachers play role in keeping STEM subjects male dominated
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Ethnicity
assimilation- learn english language and norms and values
social inclusion- monitor results by ethnicity
multicultural education- value all cultures in school cirriculum
AO3- may already speak english- poverty/racism real cause, marketisation- can't play the system, leads to tokenism
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