Cells

M - Movement

R - Respiration

S - Sensitivity

G - Growth

R - Reproduction

E - Excretion

N - Nutrition

Animal

• Cell Membrane
• Nucleus
• Cytoplasm
• Nuclear Membrane
• Chromosones made from DNA in the nucleus

Plant

• Cellulose Cell Wall
• Cell Membrane
• Cytoplasm
• Nucleus
• Large permanent Vacuole
• Chloroplast
• Nuclear Membrane

• Cells - smallest building blocks of life
• Tissues - large numbers of identical cells grouped together
• Organs - several tissues combined together
• Organ Systems - several organs working together

Parts of the microscope

Magnification of an object = magnification of eyepiece x magnification of objective lens

Magnification = measured size divided by actual size

• Non-cellulose cell wall
• Membrane
• Plasmid
• DNA strand

Plant Growth

• Shoot tip
• Root tip

Animal Growth

• Slow-fast-slow

• non-specialised
• divide by mitosis
• potential to development into any type of cell

Early stage

• become specialised
• lose the ability to differentiate

Adult Stem Cells

• bone marrow
• exact DNA match
• no rejection
• difficult to extract

Umbilical Cord Stem Cells

• extracted during pregnancy or immediately after birth can be used by closely related individuals

Embryonic Stem Cells

• inner cells extracted from embryos
• can differentiate into different cell types
• easier to extract and grow than adult stem cells

• egg nucleus removed
• patient's nucleus inserted
• egg stimulated to divide
• stem cells removed
• stem cells grown
• cells differentiate

• many people could be cured from diseases which are currently incurable
• more people will benefit from stem cell research than will be harmed
• adult stem cells - no embryos killed
• embryonic stem cells may be cloned to form new individuals ( reproductive cloning )
• stem cells taken from the umbilical coed cause no destruction of embryo or harm to adults
• in obtaining adult stem cells, patient can give consent

• the long term outcomes of stem cell treatment are unknown
• in embryonic stem cells human embryos are destroyd
• destruction of embryos may be viewed as murder
• stem cell research is costly
• parents may have a child just to have access to their stem cells for treatment of sibling
• use of stem cells is ' playing God ' and some actions are wrong whatever the consequences