C6- Chemical Synthesis

ACID and ALKALIES -Must Remember 

acids form H+   Alkali forms OH-

Nitric Acid - HNO3

Hydrochloric Acid- HCl

Sulphuric Acid- H2 SO4

Sodium Hydroxide- NaOH

SALTS- Must Remember

• Sodium - (Chloride, Carbonate, Nitrate, Sulfate)
• Calcium- (Carbonate, Cloride)
• Magnesium- (Oxide, Hydroxide, Carbonate, Chloride, Sulfate)

EXOTHERMIC- Releases Energy into the surroundings. This can happen when you are making bonds. eg combustion

ENDOTHERMIC- Remouves energy from the sourroundings. Can happen when your breaking bonds. eg Dissolving.

Rate of Reaction- Collision Theory

The more a substance collides the more they will react.

Tempurature

An increase in tempurature and increase in the reaction.

Particle size

The smaller the particle size the quicker the reaction because there is agreater surface area, whereas a bigger particl takes ;longer to react due to the smaller surface area.

Consentration

A higher consentration means that more collisions can occur so there will be a quicker reaction.

Catalyst

This increase the rate of reraction but it doesnt participate in the reaction so it is not used up.

• Titration is used to measure the ammount of acid needed to make an alkali neautral,
•  it is measured to the nearest 0.05cm3.
•  when neutrilisation occurs it is called the end point.
• Measures the strength of the Alkali

• Acid+ metal --- Salt + Hydrogen
• Acid+ metal oxide --- Salt + Water
• Acid+ metal hydroxide----- Salt + Water
• Acid+ metal carbonate----- Salt+Water+Carbondioxide

Steps-

• Disolving - Leaves solid impurities
• Filtering - Dissoled product goes through leaving behing smaller impurities
• Evapration- Evaporates lyquid leaving a solid crystal (crystillisation)
• Drying- Leave crystals to dry after a second filtering.

Calculations

Yeild% = (Acctual ammount/ Predicted ammount)* 100

eg (90/120)*100 = 75%

Where did it go?

• you may have started with an inpure substance so not all has reacted
• Lost in the Experiment eg. Slillage or measuring error.

Steps-

• Disolving - Leaves solid impurities
• Filtering - Dissoled product goes through leaving behing smaller impurities
• Evapration- Evaporates lyquid leaving a solid crystal (crystillisation)
• Drying- Leave crystals to dry after a second filtering.

Calculations

Yeild% = (Acctual ammount/ Predicted ammount)* 100

eg (90/120)*100 = 75%

Where did it go?

• you may have started with an inpure substance so not all has reacted
• Lost in the Experiment eg. Slillage or measuring error.