Chemistry- (Organic Chemistry)

• The general formula of an alcohol is CnH2n+1OH 
• All alchols contain the same '-OH group'. You need to know the first 3

• Dont write CH40 instead of CH3OH. The second shows that it is in the functional -OH group

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Combustion of Alcohol

• 2CH3OH1 + 3O2 --> 2CO2 + 4H20  - Alcohols are flammable and burn in air to produce Carbon dioxide and water

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Reaction of Alcohol With Sodium

• 2C2H50H + 2Na -> 2C2H5ONa + H2 - React with Sodium to give hydrogen and alkoxides

• Ethanol is the main alcohol in alcoholic drinks. Its not as toxic as methanol but still damages the liver and brain 

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.Uses of Alcohol

• Perfumes
• To Drink
• Cleaning Products
• Fuels

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Oxidation of Alcohol

The addition of chemical oxidising agents - such as acidified potassium dichromate.

The action of microbes in aerobic conditions (in the presence of oxygen). This happens on a small scale when a bottle of wine is left open and exposed to air. On a commercial scale, it is achieved in a fermenter using acetic acid bacteria

• Carboxylic acids have the functional group- COOH
• Weak Acids- Acids which are only partly ionised. (Don't ionise completley) Dont lose all of their H+ ions
• Strong Acids- Fully ionised and use all/most of their H+ ions

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First 3 Carboxylic Acids

Carboxylic Acids Reacting with Carbonates

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Ethanoic Acid + Calcium Carbonate -> Calcium Ethanoate + Water + Carbon Dioxide

• Carboxylic acids dissolve in water to prodcue acidic solutions. When they dissolve they ionise and release H+ ions which are responsible for making the solution acidic. But, they dont ionise completley (not many H+ Ions are released), they just form weak acidic solutions. This means they have a higher pH (less acidic) than aqueous solutions of strong acids with the same concentration.

What happens to boiling point and density as you go from ethanoic acid to propanoic acid

• The boiling point increases and the density decreases as the more carbon atoms mean that propanic acids have more carbon atoms than ethanoic acids

Uses of Carboxylic Acids

• Soaps, detergents, preperation of esters

Esters have the functional group -COO-

The first Ethyl Etanoate

• An ester is made by combing an alcohol and a carboxylic acid
• 3 Uses of Esters- Sweet smelling perfumes, food flavouring  and solvents

• ethanol + oxygen → ethanoic acid + water

  C₂H₅OH (l) + O₂ (g) → CH₃COOH (aq) + H₂O (l)