Bonding

Ionic Bonding

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Ionic bonds form regular lattice structures.
They have very high melting and boiling points.
Can conduct electricity when liquid or in solution:
- Electricity is the movement of charged particles (electrons or ions).
- So when they are in their lattice structure everything is fixed no movement of chaged particles.
- But when they're in solution or melted the ions can move about so charged particles are moving so electricity can flow.

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The sharing of electrons between atoms so they both have full outer shells.
Covalent bonds are strong but intermolecuar forces aren't.
As molecules get bigger the intermolecular forces get stronger.
Can't conduct electricity because there are no free electrons or ions that can move.
Giant covalent structures:
- Very strong
- High melting points and boiling points
- Don't conduct electricity

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Allotropes are different structural forms of the same element in the same state.
Diamond:
- Giant covalent structure (strong)
- Each carbon atom has 4 bonds, forms regular 3d pattern
- Very stong high melting point and boiling point
- Can't conduct electricity, no free electrons or ions
Graphite
- Each carbon atom has 3 bonds
- Atoms aranged into hexagons which make sheets of graphene
- Layers held together weakly makes it soft and low friction
- High melting point and boiling point
- 1 free delocalised electron per atom, so electricity can be conducted

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Metals are a giant structure of atoms arranged in a particular pattern.
The atoms loose their outer shell electrons and become positive ions.
The former outer shell electrons are now delocalised electrons which are shared between metal atoms.
Strong electrostatic attaraction between the electrons and atoms holds everything togeter in a regular structure.

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Good conductors of heat and electricity because the loose electrons can carry charges and heat throughout the structure.
Malleable:
- Can be bent or hammered into shapes
- The regualar structure of metals means that layers can slide over each other to form a new shape

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2 or more elements being mixed either 2 matals or 1 metal and 1 non-metal.
Usually with different sized atoms.
Therefore, the regular structure is disrupted so there are no layers that can slide over each other.
So, alloys are normaly stonger than metals.

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