Biology B4

Movement

Respiration

Sensitivity

Growth

Reproduction

Excretion

Nutrition

Movement - moves to maximise food source or escape predators

Respiration - Glucose (C6H12O6) + Oxygen (6O2) -> Carbon Dioxide (6CO2) + Water (6H2O) / release of energy

Sensitivity - ability to respond to change in the environment

Growth - increase in size and/or complexity

Reproduction - all organisms have to create offspring

Excretion - urine, sweat, CO2 / the removal of metabolic waste - part of a chemical reaction

Nutrition - cells need nutrients and oxygen to function / plants make their own food (photosynthesis) / animals eat other animals or plants

Animal

• Nucleus
• Cell membrane
• Mitochondria
• Cytoplasm

Plant

• Nucleus
• Cell membrane
• Mitochondria
• Cytoplasm
• Cell wall
• Chlorplasts
• Vacuole

Nucleus - contains DNA which carries the genetic code used for making enzymes which are used in chemical reactions and all other proteins

Cell Membrane - allows gases and water to move in and out of the cell freely, while presenting a barrier to other chemicals

Mitochondria - contains the enzymes for aerobic respiration

Cytoplasm - where enzymes are made and contains teh enzymes for anaerobic respiration

Cell Wall - for structure and support

Chloroplasts - contain chlorophyll and enzymes for the reactions in photosynthesis

Vacuole - filled with cellsap

1. Enzyme (active site) + substrate -> enzyme substrate complex
2. Products leave the active site
3. The enzyme is unchanged and ready to join another substrate

Factors that affect enzyme activity

• pH
• temperature
• enzyme concentration

Layers from top of leaf

1. Waxy cuticle
2. Upper epidermis
3. Palisade cells
4. Spongy mesophyll
5. Air space
6. Lower epidermis

Xylem - transports water and mineral salts

Phloem - transports sugars and amino acids

Glucose - stored as starch / testwith iodine solution (orange to black)

Oxygen - collect from pond plant / relights a glowing splint

A Limiting Factor is a factor that prevents the rate of photosynthesis from increasing at a particular time

Different Limiting Factors

• light intensity
• temperature
• carbon dioxide
• water availability

Diffusion

• high to low concentration (down a concentration gradient)
• affected by: temperature, air currents (gas), concentration gradient

Active Transport

• low to high concentration
• uses ATP
• only in living things

Osmosis

• osmosis is referring to only the movement of water
• osmosis needs a partially permiable membrane

Lactic acid/lactate causes "pain"

Anaerobic - without oxygen

Oxygen (6O2) + Glucose (C6H12O6) -> Carbon Dioxide (6CO2) + Water (6H2O)

The energy is used for

• movement
• chemical reactions
• synthesis of large molecules
• synthesis of amino acids
• active transport
• generate body hear
• glucose -> fats and oils

Starch is a storage molecule

Cellulose is in a cells walls (structural)