biology

All plants and Algal cells have:

• a cell wall- made of cellulose (strengthens the cell, gives it suport)
• chloroplasts- contain chlorophyll
• permanent vacuole-space in cytoplasm filled with cell sap

plant cells contain a cell wall and chlorolast where as animal cell doesnt

a cell that has a specific job.a few examples are;

muscle cell

hair cell

sperm cell

nerve cell

red blood cell

white blood cell

a biological catalyst

it breaks down large molecules into smaller molecules in the human gut

carbon dioxide+water (arrow) glucose+oxygen

6CO2+6H20(arrow) C6H12O6+6O2

found in cytoplasm

this is where oxygen is used and most of the energy is released during respiration

this is where proteinsynthesis occurs.

All protein needed to the cells are made here

controls the passage of substance in and out of the cell

controls the activity of the cell

contains the genetic information 

a liquid cell where most of the chemical actions needed for life takes place

cell membrane

genetic material

slime captule

cell wall

plasmids

flagella

cytoplasm

an area of high concentration and an area of low concentration.

carbon dioxide in the cell- if the concentration gets to high it moves out of the cell and back into the lungs

glucose- if there is a high concetration of glucose outsdie the cell it passes through into the cell

to increase the surface area of the cell so they can diffuse easily

organs are made up of tissues. one organ can contain several tissues

example:

stomach

• Light intensity
• temperature
• carbon dioxide levels

long chains of amino acids 

used for:

• structual components such as muscles and tendens
• hormones such as insulin
• antibodies- destroy pathogens
• cataylsts- in forms of enzymes

broken down by enzymes called carbohydrases (Amylases)

broken down into amino acids by a cataylst called protease- happens in your stomach, pancreas and small intestines

lipids (fats/oils) broken down into fatty acids and glycerol. this reaction is cataylsed by lipase enzymes

original cell divide into 2 cells- both exactly the same as the original cell.

It has:

• has the same number of chomosomes as original cell
• the cells produced are identical
• used in asexual reproduction or the production of new body cells

produces a copy of orginal cell- new cell then separate again- only half of genetic information each.

It has:

• half the chromosomes of the orginal cells
• used in sexual reproduction- the new production of gametes
• four cells are produced.cells produced are all equal

genes are different

genes are the same

metorite hit mexico and sent shockwaves +sand around the earth in the air, sand blocked the sun causing quick climate change. particles of rock came back to earth as moltern.

New diseases

new predators

new competition

"survival of the fittest"

the strongest animals survive while the weaker animals get eaten/killed by predators. the strongest survive and produce- passing on the the strong characteristics.

when a specy is split into 2(or more) different habitats and become isolated from each other. The doffernt groups under go natural selectionto help them evolve to their new habitat.

geographical- when the specie is physically separated. could be due to mountains, rivers and islands

a collection of speciallised cells that form to make tissues with a simular function

mesophyll tissues carries out photosynthesis

special shape of an enzyme molecule

greenhouse- plants are grown in soil and atmosphere is controlled to produce best plants.

hydroponics- plants are grown in water with a perfect balance of mineral ions instead of soil

biology revision cards 

Megan Foxall