Biology - B7

- Organisms need things from their environment and from other organisms in order to survive and reproduce

Plants - need light and space and mineral ions (nutrients)

Animals - need space, food, water and mates

- each species depends on other species for things like food, shelter, pollination and seed dispersal

- if one is killed off or decreased, the rest of the chain is effected

- non-living factors

• moisture level
• light intensity
• temperature
• carbon dioxide level (plants)
• wind intensity and direction
• oxygen level (aquatic)
• soil pH and mineral content

- change in environment could be an increase or decrease in an abiotic factor

- living factors

• new predators
• competition
• new pathogens
• availability of food

- change in the environment could be the introduction of a new biotic factor (new predator/pathogen)

- Organisms, including microorganisms, are adapted to live in different conditions

- The features or characteristics that allow them to do this are called adaptations

- features of an organism's body structure - shape or colour

Arctic fox - camouflage - to avoid predators

Whales - thick layer of blubber and low surface area to volume ratio - to retain heat

Camels - then layer of fat and a large surface area to volume ratio - to lose heat 

- ways that organisms behave

Many species (e.g. swallows) migrate to warmer climates during the winter to avoid the problems of living in cold conditions

- things that go on inside the body that can be related to processes like reproduction and metabolism

Desert animals - conserve water - sweat very little and small amounts of concentrated urine

Brown bears - hibernate - lower metabolism to conserve energy

- Microorganisms have a huge variety of adaptations so that they can live in a wide range of environments

extreme conditions such as high temperatures, high salt concentrations and high pressures

PRODUCER -> PRIMARY CONSUMER -> SECONDARY CONSUMER

5000 DANDELIONS -> 100 RABBITS -> 1 FOX

each part of the food chain depend on each other

• Water evaporates and transpirates - to make water vapour
• Warm water is carried upwards and condenses to form clouds
• It is then precipitated (rain) onto land and provides fresh water for plants and animals
• It then evaporates and transpirates again

Carbon dioxide is absorbed into the air by fossil fuels, waste, decay, respiration and combustion

It is then absorbed back by trees using photosynthesis

The variety of different species of organsims on Earth, or within an ecosystem

It is important fo the Earth's biodiversity to be high

The increasing population puts pressure on the environment

People are demanding a higher standard of livin - using raw resources

Water - sewage and toxic chemicals can pollute lakes, river and oceans, affecting organisms that rely on them

Land - we use toxic waste, bury nuclear waste and dump household waste - landfill

Air - smoke and acidic gases pollute the air - sulfur dioxide = acid rain

Gases like carbon dioxide and methane trap energy from the sun in the earth's atmosphere, meaning it can't escape

Seawater wil expand and ice will melt - sea level will rise

Distribution of many wild animals and plants may change - rainfall

Change in migration patterns

Biodiversity could be reduced if some species are unable to survive

Building, quarrying, farming and dumping waste

Less land for other organisms

• cutting down of forests
• cuts down tropical areas

For:

• clearing land for farming 
• to grows crops for biof

- less carbon dioxide taken in

- more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

- less biodiversity

• Bog are areas of land that are acidic and waterlogged. Plants that live in bogs don't fully decay - not enough exygen
• When peat is drained, it comes into contact with air and microorganisms decompose it. They use respiration and let out carbon dioxide.

• breeding programmes
• protect and regenerate rare habitats
• reintroduce hedgerows and field margins
• reducing deforestation
• reducing waste

• costs money
• cost to local people's livelihood
• conflict between protecting biodiversity and food security
• development is important but can affect the environment