aqa as level unit 1 definitions

Number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

An analytical technique that produces a finger print specific to a molecule and identifies compounds present in a sample

The average mass of an atom relative to 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom.

Mr- mass of a molecule relative to 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom.

Mass of desired product / total mass of reactants x100

Amount of a substance that has the same number of particles as there are atoms in 12g of carbon-12.

- there are 6.022 x 10 to power of 23 atoms in 12g of carbon-12

-one mole of any specific entity contains 6.022 x 10 power of 23 of that entity.

The actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule.

the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound.

mass of an atom of an isotope compared with 1/12 the mass of an atom of carbon-12

Energy required to remove one electron from each atom in one mole of gaseous atoms to form one mole of gaseous 1+ ions.

The amount of energy required to remove one electron from each of one mole of gaseous unipositive ions of that element.

Atoms with the same atomic number but different mass number

(same number of protons but different number of neutrons)

1. No difference in chemical properties due to number of electrons being the same in different isotopes. Similar chemical properties because they have the same electronic structure.

2. Slightly varying physical properties due to different masses.

A shaired pair of electrons

The electrostatic force of attraction between oppositey charged ions.

the relative ability of an element to attract electrons in a bond.

The unequal sharing of electrons between atoms covalently bonded together.

a covalent bond formed when the pair of electrons originate from one atom

Atoms linked together by the migration of electrons from atom to atom

a lattice of positive ions in a sea of delocalised electrons.

A compound consisting of hydrogen and carbon only.

A hydrocarbon that contains single C-C bonds

Hydrocarbon that only contains double C=C bonds.

A class of hydrogcarbons in which atoms are connected by single bonds only.

e.g.

Methane,

Ethane,

Propane,

Butane

Unsaturated hydrocarbons with double C=C bonds. E.g. ethene butene, propene, hexene

a family of organic molecules which all contain the same functional group, but have an increasing number of carbon atoms.

Group of atoms that determine the chemical and physical properties and naming of a class of organic compounds.

Isomers which have the same molecular formula but differnt structures. It gives molecules different chemical and physical properties.

Structural isomers which occur when there are two or more ways of arranging the carbon skeleton of a molecule.

Structural isomers which contain different functional groups.

structural isomers which have the same carbon skeleton and same functional groups but in which the functional groups are joined at different places on the Carbon skeleton.

intermolecular forces are weak attractive forces that occur between molecules.

Van der waals forces

Dipole-dipole bonds

Hydrogen bonds

between all molecules with permanent dipoles.

Cracking using high temperatures and pressures.

produces mostly alkenes and hydrogen

the separation of the components in a liquid mixture into fractions which differ by boiling points and hence chemical composition; by means of distillation, typically using a fractioning column 

Occurs when larges alkanes are broken into smaller molecules.

cracking using a zeolite catalyst with low pressures and temperatures. produces more branched cyclic and aromatic hydrocarbons.

It is used in car engines.

Contains catalysts capable of converting harmful gaseous products into less harmful ones.

Complete combustion: occurs when there is a lot of oxygen. produces CARBON DIOXIDE and WATER.

Incomplete combustion: occurs when there is a limited supply of oxygen. Produces CARBON MONOXIDE, WATER       o r        CARBON and WATER.