Institutional Aggression
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- Created by: Jhanei Thompson-McDowall
- Created on: 13-10-14 17:19
Institutional Aggression within Groups: Prison
THE IMPORTATION MODEL
INTERPERSONAL FACTORS
- Irwin and Cressey - prisoners bring own social histories + traits into prison - influences their adaptation to prison environment.
- - Prisoners = not 'blank slate' when enter prison
- - Many of normative systems developed on outside = imported into prison
GANG MEMBERSHIP
- In prison evironments - gang membership related to antisocial behaviour (violence)
- Gang members disproportionately engaged in acts of prison violence
- Pre-prison gang membership = important factor in prison misconduct.
- Street gang members = high level offenders than non-members
- Huff - US gang members = 10x more likely to commit murder + 3x more likely to assault someone
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Institutional Aggression within Groups: Prison P2
THE DEPRIVATION MODEL
SITUATIONAL FACTORS
- Prisoner's aggression product of stressful + oppressive conditions of institution
- Conditions = crowding, increase fear + frustration levels, staff experience and length of service.
- Hodgkinson et al. - trainee nurses - more likely suffer assault than experienced nurses.
- More experienced officers = less likely suffer assault.
THE 'PAINS OF IMPRISONMENT'
- Sykes - Specific deprivations of inmate maybe linked to increase in violence
- Deprivations = loss of liberty, autonomy + security
- Potential threat to personal security - increased anxiety levels even there isn't significant threat.
- Cope with pain of imprisonment differently
- - Withdraw through seclusion in their cell
- - Rebel in form of violence against prisoners/staff
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Institutional Aggression within Groups: Prison Eva
THE IMPORTATION MODEL:
- Some research support - indiviudual factors (age, education level, race)
- Harer + Steffensmeiser - data from 58 US prisons
- - black inmates = signifcantly higher violent behaviour rating
- = Low alcohol/drug related misconduct rates
- Patterns parallel racial differences in behaviours in US society = supporting
GANG MEMBERSHIP
- DeLisi et al. - challenges pre-prison gang membership leads to violence in prison
- Inmates w/ prior street gang interaction = no more likely to engange in prison violence
- Lack of correlation b/c violent gang member isolated from general inmate population - restrict opportunity for violence
- Fischer - Isolating known gang members in special unit reduces rate of serious assault by 50%
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Institutional Aggression within Groups: Prison Eva
THE DEPRIVATION MODEL
- Evidence to support peer violence used to relieve deprivation from prison
- McCorkle et al. - overcrowding, lack of privacy/meaningful activity = signif. influence peer violence.
- However, not consistent in findings
- Research in psychiactric institutions - increased personal space didn't decrease level of violent incidents among patients.
COMBINING DEPRIVATION AND IMPORTATION MODELS
- Jiang and Fischer-Giorlando - support for both models as prison violence explanation.
- Deprivation model - better explains violence against staff
- Importation model - better explains violence against inmates
- Poole + Regoli - challenges deprivation model
- Best indicator of violence among juvenile offenders = pre-institutional violence regardless of situational factors in institution.
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Institutional Aggression within Groups: Genocide
STAGES IN PROCESS OF GENOCIDE (STAUB):
- 1. Difficult social conditions
- 2. Scapegoating of a less powerful group
- 3. Negative evaluation + dehumanisation of target froup
- 4. Moral values + rules becoming inapplicable. Killing begins
- 5. Passivity of bystanders (UN) enhances process
DEHUMANISATION:
- Moral inhibitions about killing humans changes if target group = dehumanised
- Humans --->worthless animals ----> not worthy of moral consideration
- Rwandan Genocide - Hutus reffered to Tutsi as cockroaches
OBEDIENCE TO AUTHORITY (Milgram)
- Holocaust result of situational pressures force Nazi soldiers obey leaders regardless
- Argued so many particapants able to give painful shock to victim b/c authority figure said so, Nazi regime = no problem making soldiers kill innocent poeple.
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Institutional Aggression within Groups: Genocide E
IMPORTANCE OF BYSTANDERS
- Bystander intervention doesn't always end institutional aggression
- Important difference - the effect of intervention on duration + severity of violence
- International/civil conflict - intervention by outside agencies (UN) can shorten conflict BUT it can also hasten perpetrators to step up genocidal policy within that period of time
- Rwandan genocide - 800,000 died in 100 days.
DEHUMANISATION - REAL WORLD APPLICATION
- Explain violence against immigrants
- Personality = important role - Social dominance orientation (SDO)
- High SDO qualities = endorse social hierachy, see world as competitive jungle
- High SDO - dehumanise outgroup members (foreign refugees)
- Media depiction of refugees causes greater contempt + lack of sympathy for refugees in high SDO people
- Negative attitudes --->rationalised through legitmising myths -----> Indicator to high SDO ppl. these groups deserve hostility = lesser humans
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Institutional Aggression between Groups: Genocide
OBEDIENCE TO AUTHORITY
- Mandel - rejects Milgrim's claim (obedience to authority = sufficient to explain Holocaust behaviour)
- Milgrim's account = Monocausal + doesn't match historical record
- Goldhagen - main causal factor = form of anti-Semitism deeply entrenched in Germans ---> Implicitly condoned eliminatiob of innocent Jews.
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