Theme 4: Women 1953-85
- Created by: ARQ
- Created on: 20-05-22 19:47
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- Women: 1953-85
- Urban
- 1960s
- 45% industrial jobs went to women
- restricted to low-skilled jobs: textile production, manual labour
- 74% of clerical or administrative workers women
- 1970s
- women dominated certain professions
- by 1985 women made up
- 70% of doctors
- 75% of university employees
- 65% of people employed in arts & culture
- 1960s
- Countryside
- Khrushchev: Virgin Lands Scheme
- Required as manual labourers and carers
- To start families
- Milkmaids
- Gardeners
- Not recruited to use machinery or tractors
- Given lowest paid and most demanding jobs
- 450/6400 women recruited in August 1958 were in well paid professional jobs
- 450/6400 women recruited in August 1958 were in well paid professional jobs
- Required as manual labourers and carers
- 1970s and 80s
- Continued to work low paid low status jobs in farming
- 72% lowest paid farmers were women
- Professional opportunities reflect prejudice that women play nurturing role rather than leadership role
- 80% teachers in rural schools were women
- 2% farm managers were women
- Khrushchev: Virgin Lands Scheme
- The Family
- Khrushchev 1953-64
- Introduced policies meant to liberate women
- but based on traditional assumptions
- Legalised abortion 1955
- contraception still hard to acquire
- Increased paid maternity leave, 112 days (1956)
- Increased facilities based on traditional assumptions
- Increased crèches, child care facilities and communal laundries
- Crèches opened late and closed early, incompatible with full working day
- Introduced convenience foods
- Attempt to end the "double shift"
- Mass produced clothing
- Attempt to end the "double shift"
- Tried to make fridges widely available, save daily shopping trips
- Domestic appliances not as helpful or widely available as needed
- Increased crèches, child care facilities and communal laundries
- Introduced policies meant to liberate women
- Brezhnev + 1964-85
- 1965 law liberalising divorce
- 1979: 1/3 marriages ended in divorce
- Sexist pronatalist campaign
- Emphasised "natural" nurturing ability and need for a strong man
- Criticised working mothers in propaganda. Blamed them for:
- Juvenile delinquency
- Rising crime
- Drugs, alcoholism
- Family breakup
- View persisted in last 3 leaders messaging
- miserable incel energy
- 1965 law liberalising divorce
- Khrushchev 1953-64
- Urban
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