Structure and bonding
- Created by: someone123456
- Created on: 13-09-19 11:34
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- Structure and Bonding
- States of Matter
- Solid
- Regular particle arrangement
- Very close together particles
- Particles vibrate about fixed positions
- Liquid
- Random particle arrangement
- Close together particles
- Particles flow around each other
- Gas
- Random particle arrangement
- Particles are much further apart
- Particles move very quickly in all directions
- Solid
- Chemical Bonds
- There are 3 types of strong covalent bonds
- Ionic Bonds
- Occurs between positive and negative ions
- Involves a transfer of electrons
- The ionic bond is a strong electrostatic force of attraction between the positive metal ion and the negative non-metal ion
- Between metals and non-metals
- Ionic Compounds
- Covalent Bonds
- Between non-metals
- Sharing of electrons
- Very strong covalent bonds
- Low melting/boiling point
- Weak intermolecular forces
- Doesn't take much energy to break them
- Weak intermolecular forces
- Can't conduct electricity
- Electrons aren't free to move
- So they can't carry a charge
- Electrons aren't free to move
- Metallic Bonds
- Between metals or alloys
- The attraction between the positive metal ions and the delocalised negatively charged electrons
- Giant structure
- A lattice of positive ions held together by electrostatic attraction to the delocalised electrons
- Lattice - regular arrangement
- Layers are able to slide over each other easily
- Can be bent and shaped
- Properties
- High melting and boiling points
- Very strong
- Good thermal and electrical conductors
- Often shiny
- Ductile
- Can be bent and shaped
- Properties
- High melting and boiling points
- Very strong
- Good thermal and electrical conductors
- Often shiny
- Ductile
- Often malleable
- High melting and boiling points
- Properties
- Can be bent and shaped
- Often malleable
- High melting and boiling points
- Properties
- Can be bent and shaped
- Layers are able to slide over each other easily
- Lattice - regular arrangement
- Delocalised electrons can move around freely and transfer energy
- Ionic Bonds
- There are 3 types of strong covalent bonds
- Metals
- Metallic Bonds
- Between metals or alloys
- The attraction between the positive metal ions and the delocalised negatively charged electrons
- Giant structure
- A lattice of positive ions held together by electrostatic attraction to the delocalised electrons
- Lattice - regular arrangement
- Layers are able to slide over each other easily
- Layers are able to slide over each other easily
- Lattice - regular arrangement
- Delocalised electrons can move around freely and transfer energy
- Alloys
- Mixtures containing metal and at least one other element
- Stronger and harder than pure metals
- The added element disturbs the regular arrangement of particles so the layers don't slide over each other as easily
- Steel
- Useful alloy made from iron
- Majority of iron is converted to steel
- High carbon content: hard and strong
- Low carbon content: soft and easily shaped
- Stainless steel
- Contains chromium and nickel
- Hard and resistant to corrosion
- Metallic Bonds
- Carbon Allotropes
- Diamond
- Giant, rigid, lattice
- Each carbon atom forms four strong covalent bonds with other carbon atoms
- Very hard
- Very high melting point
- Doesn't conduct electricity
- No charged particles
- Graphite
- Giant covalent structure
- Very high melting point
- Each carbon atom forms 3 covalent bonds with other carbon atoms
- Layered,hexagonal structure
- Soft and slippery
- Layers can slide past each other
- Layers held together by weak intermolecular forces
- Layers can slide past each other
- Can conduct heat and electricity
- One electron from each carbon atom is delocalised
- Graphene
- Single layer of graphite
- One atom thick
- Very strong
- Good thermal and electrical conductor
- Useful in electronics and composite materials
- Single layer of graphite
- Fullerenes
- Buckminsterfullerene
- First fullerene to be discovered
- Contains 60 carbon atoms
- Atoms are joined together in hexagons and pentagons
- Most symmetrical and stable fullerene
- Uses
- Lubricant
- Drug delivery
- Catalyst
- Conducts electricity
- Carbon nanotubes
- Cylindrical
- Very high length to diameter ratio
- Very useful for electronics, nanotechnology, and materials
- Hexagonal rings of carbon atoms
- Sometimes contain 5 or 7 carbon atoms
- Fullerene molecules have hollow shapes like tubes, balls, or cages
- Buckminsterfullerene
- Diamond
- States of Matter
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