Stress
- Created by: annagabrielle
- Created on: 07-04-16 12:33
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- Stress
- Long Term
- Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal
- stressor activates hypo-pit axis
- hypo stimulates pit gland
- pit gland secretes ACTH
- ATH stimulates adrenal cortex
- release of cortisol
- suppression of immune system
- release of cortisol
- ATH stimulates adrenal cortex
- pit gland secretes ACTH
- hypo stimulates pit gland
- stressor activates hypo-pit axis
- Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal
- Short Term
- Sympatho-medullary pathway
- hypo stimulates adrenal medulla
- secretes adrenaline- prep fight or flight
- arousal of sympathetic nervous system
- once over para-sympathetic nervous system takes control
- arousal of sympathetic nervous system
- secretes adrenaline- prep fight or flight
- hypo stimulates adrenal medulla
- Sympatho-medullary pathway
- Stress related illness
- Stress and the body
- increased blood pressure and heart rate can damage blood vessels
- Arthero-sclerosis
- fatty build ups due glucose levels remaining high
- Krantz et al- 39 ppts, blood pressure measured in stressful situation
- highest contraction of blood vessels also had highest blood pressure
- stress may relate to cardio-vascular disorders
- highest contraction of blood vessels also had highest blood pressure
- Increaed stress can cause hypertension and coronary heart disease
- digestion system inhibited, causing ulcers
- Brady et al- monkeys received shocks following a tone in pairs
- executive monkey could stop his own shocks by pressing a lever
- after 23 days exec monkeys began to die of gastric ulceration, other monkeys fine
- shocks themselves didnt hurt, the stress of pushing buttton caused ulcers
- after 23 days exec monkeys began to die of gastric ulceration, other monkeys fine
- executive monkey could stop his own shocks by pressing a lever
- Kiecolt-Glaser et al 1984- blood samples first year med students 49M, 26F
- a)a month before exams, b) during exams , T cell activity measures
- blood smple during exams contained less T cells
- stress reduced effectiveness of the immune system
- blood smple during exams contained less T cells
- a)a month before exams, b) during exams , T cell activity measures
- Kiecolt-Glaser et al 1995- stress and wound healing, 13 women, 13 control
- punch biopsy in arm to create small wound, women were Alzheimer's carers (stressful)
- wound healing took an avg of 9 days longer in carers than control group
- long term stress has an impact on immune system and healing processes
- wound healing took an avg of 9 days longer in carers than control group
- punch biopsy in arm to create small wound, women were Alzheimer's carers (stressful)
- Stress and the body
- Sources of stress
- Life Changes - major evens in life e.g. marriage, grief
- Holmes + Rahe (1967) - link between stress and life changes
- SRRS - Social readjustment rating scale, formed from 5000 patient records
- LCU, Life change units measured
- SRRS - Social readjustment rating scale, formed from 5000 patient records
- Rahe et al (1970) - 2500 male navy personnel, self report, health records
- significant positive correlation found, but small correlation
- Holmes + Rahe (1967) - link between stress and life changes
- Daily hassles- minor challenges and problems e.g. running late, weight oncerns
- Delongis et al (1982) - 100 ppts 4 questionnaires every month for a year
- hassle scale, uplifts scale, life events, health status
- freq and intensity of hassles sig correlated with poorer health
- hassle scale, uplifts scale, life events, health status
- Kanner et al (1981)- 100ppts 45-64 completed questionnaire each months for 9 months
- rated severity of hassles in thir life
- certain hassles occurred more frequently e.g. weight concerns
- high scores more likely to have phy + psy problems
- hassles linked to stress, uplifts counteract hassles
- high scores more likely to have phy + psy problems
- certain hassles occurred more frequently e.g. weight concerns
- rated severity of hassles in thir life
- Bouteyre et al (2007)- first year psy students
- hassles + uplifts scales and Becks depression inventory
- positive correlation between depression(41%) + total hassles score
- transition has hassles, may impact development of depression
- positive correlation between depression(41%) + total hassles score
- hassles + uplifts scales and Becks depression inventory
- Delongis et al (1982) - 100 ppts 4 questionnaires every month for a year
- Life Changes - major evens in life e.g. marriage, grief
- Personality factors
- Type A- time pressured, competitive, hostile
- Rosenman et al (1976)- 3154 middle aged men, categorised as type A or B
- followed for 8.5 years, in that time, 257 heart attacks, 69% type A group
- Highly Type A are at risk of heart problems
- followed for 8.5 years, in that time, 257 heart attacks, 69% type A group
- Rosenman et al (1976)- 3154 middle aged men, categorised as type A or B
- Type B- relaxed, not competitive, not hostile
- Rosenman et al (1976)- 3154 middle aged men, categorised as type A or B
- followed for 8.5 years, in that time, 257 heart attacks, 69% type A group
- Highly Type A are at risk of heart problems
- followed for 8.5 years, in that time, 257 heart attacks, 69% type A group
- Rosenman et al (1976)- 3154 middle aged men, categorised as type A or B
- Hardiness- control, commitment, challnge
- Kobasa - questionnaires regarding control, commitment and challenge
- high scores related to fewer stress related symptoms
- Beasley - life stress of uni students, higher hardiness = reduced phy distress
- Kobasa - questionnaires regarding control, commitment and challenge
- Type A- time pressured, competitive, hostile
- Workplace Stress
- relationships, pressures, phy env. , role, lack of cotrol
- Frankenhauser (1975) - 2 groups of workers in sawmill
- 1) repetitive task, noisy, isolated, little control, 2) different tasks, more control, social oppurtunities
- stress levels measured, urine samples + blood pressure
- less control = higher stress levels - high adrenaline and noradrenaline
- higher rates of headaches, high BP and gastro-intestinal disorders
- less control = higher stress levels - high adrenaline and noradrenaline
- stress levels measured, urine samples + blood pressure
- 1) repetitive task, noisy, isolated, little control, 2) different tasks, more control, social oppurtunities
- Johansson et al - 14 swedish woodworkers vs 10 cleaners
- woodworkers -fast paced, isolated, repetitive, low control
- urine samples tested for adrenaline = noradrenaline levels
- ww- high risk, levels doubles when arrived at work and continued to rise
- felt more rushed and irritateed
- c- low risk, 1.5x normal when arriving but decreased during day
- ww- high risk, levels doubles when arrived at work and continued to rise
- urine samples tested for adrenaline = noradrenaline levels
- cleaners- varied work, more sociable
- urine samples tested for adrenaline = noradrenaline levels
- ww- high risk, levels doubles when arrived at work and continued to rise
- felt more rushed and irritateed
- c- low risk, 1.5x normal when arriving but decreased during day
- ww- high risk, levels doubles when arrived at work and continued to rise
- urine samples tested for adrenaline = noradrenaline levels
- woodworkers -fast paced, isolated, repetitive, low control
- Stress management
- Biological
- Biofeedback
- gaining control - machine gives info on HR, BP, MT
- muscle relaxation techniques - meditation
- gaining control - machine gives info on HR, BP, MT
- Drug Therapy
- benzo-diazapines- CNS, serotonin + GABA
- lessons tension + nervousness, calming effect
- Untitled
- lessons tension + nervousness, calming effect
- Beta-blockers - SNS, blocks adrenaline + noradrenaline
- Lowers HR + BP, prevents flight or fight and panic ttacks
- benzo-diazapines- CNS, serotonin + GABA
- Biofeedback
- Psychological
- Stress inoculation training
- conseptualisation- identify stressors, positive thingking
- Stress management skills- coping e.g. communication, CBT
- Application to real world- use skills irl
- Stress management skills- coping e.g. communication, CBT
- conseptualisation- identify stressors, positive thingking
- Hardiness training
- focussing - recognse symptoms when stressed
- reliving stressful encounters- analyse stressful situations
- self improvement - take on challenges to build confidenc + gain control
- reliving stressful encounters- analyse stressful situations
- focussing - recognse symptoms when stressed
- Stress inoculation training
- Biological
- Long Term
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