Schizophrenia (Part 3)
- Created by: Natalie
- Created on: 10-06-14 12:22
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- Schizophrenia (3)
- Biological Explanations
- Genetics
- The more genetically similar you are to someone with SZ, the more likely you are to get SZ too
- Twin Studies
- Adoption studies
- Concordance rates for adopted children is not 100%
- Cannot be account for by genetics alone
- Concordance rates for adopted children is not 100%
- Family studies
- Gottesman
- Studied families. Concluded that if both your parents suffer from SZ then you have a 46% chance of developing it yourself
- Could be explained in terms of the fact that genetically similar family members spend more time together and so environmental factors could also have an effect
- Gottesman
- Dopamine Hypothesis
- Claims that excessive amounts of dopamine or an over sensitivity of the brain to dopamine is the cause of SZ
- Strong empirical support
- Drugs involving dopamine levels seem to reduce the symptoms of SZ
- Phenothiazines
- Do not work for everyone
- Phenothiazines
- Drugs involving dopamine levels seem to reduce the symptoms of SZ
- L-Dopa is a drug for parkinsons disease which increases dopamine
- This in turn can produce symptoms of SZ
- Postmortems of schizophrenics show an increase of dopamine in parts of the brain
- Aetiology fallacy
- Using the treatment as the cause
- Brain Structure
- People with SZ have abnormally large ventricles in the brain
- Andreasen
- Conducted a controlled CAT scan study
- Found significant enlargement of the ventricles in schizophrenics compared to controls
- Was only the case for men and not women
- Cannot be generalised
- Was only the case for men and not women
- Difficult to establish cause and effect
- Many p's have been undergoing treatment
- Treatment could have changed the brain structure
- Many p's have been undergoing treatment
- Crow
- Suggested there were two types of SZ (Two syndrome hypothesis)
- Type 1: Genetically inherited and associated with dopamine. Characterised by positive symptoms
- Type 2: To do with brain structure and is characterised by negative symptoms
- Suggested there were two types of SZ (Two syndrome hypothesis)
- Genetics
- Psychological Explanations
- Behavioural
- Explains SZ as being caused by operant conditioning
- Bizarre behaviour may be rewarded with attention and sympathy
- Encourages individual to conform to the behaviour
- Bizarre behaviour may be rewarded with attention and sympathy
- Reductionist
- Reduces complex human behaviour to rewards and reinforcements
- Ignores genetic influences and cognitive explanations
- Deterministic
- Says we are predetermined to learn SZ
- Trivialising a serious condition
- Being explained using the same principles we teach dogs tricks
- Explains SZ as being caused by operant conditioning
- Schizo-phenogenic mother
- The term used to describe a mother who is cold, dominant and manipulative by being both overprotective and rejecting
- Believed to cause child to be resentful and distressful and this could then be manifested as SZ
- Has very little supporting evidence
- Any research supporting was based on very flawed methodology
- Families of schizophrenics do seem to differ from those of non-schizophrenics
- Expressed Emotion
- Over critical showing hostility and even over concerned
- Assessment (interview with a relative of someone with SZ) - rating of:
- 1. The number of critical comments
- 2. The number of statements of dislike
- 3. The number of statements showing over envolvement with the patient
- Brown
- Schizophrenic patients were more likely to relapse when lived in homes that displayed high levels of EE
- Tarrier
- Found strong correlation between relapse and living with EE
- Only correlation research
- Cannot establish causal link
- EE has also been found in families with eating disorders and depression
- Self-report method is used
- Social desirability bias may have been used
- Subjective
- Lack validity
- Diathesis Stress model
- Schizophrenic already had a biological predisposition to SZ, but it was triggered by an environmental factor
- Biological Explanations
- Genetics
- The more genetically similar you are to someone with SZ, the more likely you are to get SZ too
- Twin Studies
- Adoption studies
- Concordance rates for adopted children is not 100%
- Cannot be account for by genetics alone
- Concordance rates for adopted children is not 100%
- Family studies
- Gottesman
- Studied families. Concluded that if both your parents suffer from SZ then you have a 46% chance of developing it yourself
- Could be explained in terms of the fact that genetically similar family members spend more time together and so environmental factors could also have an effect
- Gottesman
- Dopamine Hypothesis
- Claims that excessive amounts of dopamine or an over sensitivity of the brain to dopamine is the cause of SZ
- Strong empirical support
- Drugs involving dopamine levels seem to reduce the symptoms of SZ
- Phenothiazines
- Do not work for everyone
- Phenothiazines
- Drugs involving dopamine levels seem to reduce the symptoms of SZ
- L-Dopa is a drug for parkinsons disease which increases dopamine
- This in turn can produce symptoms of SZ
- Postmortems of schizophrenics show an increase of dopamine in parts of the brain
- Aetiology fallacy
- Using the treatment as the cause
- Brain Structure
- People with SZ have abnormally large ventricles in the brain
- Andreasen
- Conducted a controlled CAT scan study
- Found significant enlargement of the ventricles in schizophrenics compared to controls
- Was only the case for men and not women
- Cannot be generalised
- Was only the case for men and not women
- Difficult to establish cause and effect
- Many p's have been undergoing treatment
- Treatment could have changed the brain structure
- Many p's have been undergoing treatment
- Crow
- Suggested there were two types of SZ (Two syndrome hypothesis)
- Type 1: Genetically inherited and associated with dopamine. Characterised by positive symptoms
- Type 2: To do with brain structure and is characterised by negative symptoms
- Suggested there were two types of SZ (Two syndrome hypothesis)
- Genetics
- Behavioural
- Biological Explanations
- Concordance rate for MZ twins is not 100%
- SZ cannot be accounted for be genetics alone
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