Schizophrenia : classification, reliability and validity

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Schizophrenia
- Classification
  - Positive and negative symptoms
  - Catatonic/ Paranoid schizophrenia
  - First rank symptoms e.g. auditory hallucinations
  - (DSM IVR) At least 1 month duration of 2 or more positive symptoms.
- Reliability
  - Consistency of diagnosis
  - DSM re-issued each year to improve reliability
    - Whalley: 0.11 inter- rater reliability correlation
  - Beck et al: 54% agreement on diagnosis
    - Low inter-rater reliability
  - Cultural differences: copeland et al
- Validity
  - Assessing what it claims to assess
  - Comorbidity: Suffering from 2 or more mental disorders
    - No pathognomic symptoms: No unique symptoms to disorder
  - Low predictive validity: can't predict development and prognosis
    - Bleuer: 20% fully recover; 40% recover from +ve symptoms; 40% never recover.
- Szasz
  - Labelling theory
    - Labelling a child as 'strange' leads to a self- fulfilling prophecy
    - 'mentally ill' label removes responsibility from individual
Classification
- Positive and negative symptoms
- Catatonic/ Paranoid schizophrenia
- First rank symptoms e.g. auditory hallucinations
- (DSM IVR) At least 1 month duration of 2 or more positive symptoms.

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