Restless Earth
- Created by: Molly6098
- Created on: 01-11-13 18:30
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- Restless Earth
- Plates
- Boundaries
- Constructive
- 2 plates move away from each other, magma rises, creates new crust
- Collision
- 2 continental plates meet, plates smash together, no crust destroyed
- Conservative
- 2 plates moving past each other, same or different directions, at different speeds
- USA west coast
- Destructive
- Where 2 plates are moving towards each other
- Oceanic meets continental, oceanic plate forced under (denser), destroyed
- Nazca plate
- Constructive
- Other
- Ocean Trench
- Steep sided depression in ocean floor
- Subduction Zone
- Area where one plate is being pulled under another
- Volcanic Arc
- Arc shaped chain of volcanoes formed above a subduction zone
- Ocean Trench
- Boundaries
- Volcanoes
- Types
- Shield
- Lava: runny, quick
- Made of lava
- Mauna Loa, Hawaiian Islands
- Composite
- Lava-thick and slow
- Layers of ash and lava
- Mount Fuji, Japan
- Dome
- Lava: Thick, slow
- Made of lava
- Mount Pelee Caribbean
- Shield
- Case Study
- Impacts
- Primary
- 20 villages, schools, hospitals, airport, port, vegetation, farmland destroyed
- Large areas covered in ash
- 19 died, 7 injured
- Secondary
- Population decline
- Tourism declined, is now increasing
- Volcanic ash improved soil fertility
- Fires destroyed buildings
- Primary
- About
- 4-5 million m of rocks and gas
- June 25th 1997
- Soufriere Hills, Montserrat
- Destructive plate margin
- Responses
- Secondary
- Montserrat volcano observatory set up
- £41 million provided
- Risk map and exclusion zone created
- Primary
- £17 million emergency aid
- Shelters and temporary infrastructure built
- Local emergency services provided support
- People evacuated
- Secondary
- Impacts
- Formation
- Constructive
- Magma rises into gap formed
- Destructive
- Oceanic plate melts, pool of magma forms, magma rises through vents, magma erupts
- Constructive
- Types
- Earth's Structure
- Mantle
- 5000 °C
- Plates can move-float on mantel
- Convection currents-move plates on surface
- Crust
- Split into plates
- Thinnest Layer
- Outer Layer
- Continental and oceanic crust
- Oceanic: Thinner, more dense, can be destroyed and renewed
- Continental: Thicker
- Core
- Inner Core
- 6000 °C
- Iron and Nickel
- Densest part
- Outer Core
- Less hot
- Semi-molten
- Inner Core
- Mantle
- Fold Mountains
- Case Study: Alps
- Tourism
- New facilities built
- Huge part of economy
- HEP
- Narrow valleys dammed
- Mining
- Salt, iron ore, gold, silver, copper
- Farming
- Vineyards
- Goats
- Forestry
- Scots pine planted-more resiliant
- About
- Mont Blanc-4180m
- 30 million years, collision of African and European plates
- 12 million people
- Central Europe
- Adaption
- Animals grazed in high areas-poor soil
- Goats farmed, well adapted
- Roads built-better communications
- Tourism
- Formation
- Plates collide, sedimentary rock folded and forced up to form mountains
- Destructive plate margins
- Uses
- Mining
- Hydro-Electric power
- Forestry
- Farming
- Tourism
- Case Study: Alps
- Earthquakes
- 3 Ps
- Prediction-Forecasting earthquakes
- Protection-Building to an appropriate standard
- Preparation-practicing what to do and educating people
- Measured
- Seismographs-record extent of shaking with a pen on a rotating drum
- Richter scale-measures magnitude, no upper limit, logarithmic scale-size increases x10 when scale increases by 1
- Mercalli scale- measures effects, 1-12 in roman numerals
- Case Study
- Rich: L'Aquila, Italy 6th April 2009 6.3 on Richter scale Movement along plate at destructive margin
- Effects
- Secondary
- Fires caused more damage
- Aftershocks caused more damage and hampered rescue
- Broken water pipe caused landslide
- Primary
- Buildings, a bridge, a water pipe, all damadged
- 1000s homeless
- 290 dead, 100s injured
- Secondary
- Preparation
- Laws on construction standards
- Civil protection department-trains volunteers
- Responses
- Secondary
- Investigation into why buildings weren't built to withstand earthquakes
- Prime Minister promised to build new town
- Primary
- Cranes and diggers removed rubble
- Emergency services sent in
- Money provided by government
- Camps set up
- International rescue teams came in
- Secondary
- Effects
- Poor: Kashmir, Pakistan 8th October 2005 7.6 on Richter scale Movement along crack at destructive margin
- Effects
- Secondary
- Diseases-Diarrhoea
- Landslides-buried people and buildings, blocked access roads
- Freezing winter conditions
- Primary
- Water and electricity cut off
- 80,000 deaths, 100,000s injured
- 1000s building destroyed, 3 million homeless
- Secondary
- Preparation
- Buildings not built to withstand
- No planning
- Bad communications
- Responses
- Secondary
- 40,000 relocated
- Government money provided
- Training provided
- Health centres built
- Primary
- No help for days/ weeks
- International aid brought in
- Supplies distributed within a month
- Secondary
- Effects
- Rich: L'Aquila, Italy 6th April 2009 6.3 on Richter scale Movement along plate at destructive margin
- Features
- Focus-place where earthquake begins-deep in earths crust
- Deep focus=less damage
- Epicentre-point directly above focus, on surface
- Primary Waves-weak,cause surface to move backwards and forwards
- Secondary Waves-Stronger, at right angles to movement of wave
- Longitudinal-cause up and down movement
- Transverse-at right angles, cause more damage
- About
- A sudden brief period of intense ground shaking
- At all plate margins, mainly destructive and conservative
- Occur when pressure builds up between 2 plates and then releases suddenly
- 3 Ps
- Tsunamis
- Case Study
- Affects
- 5-6 million needed emergency supplies
- 1.7 million homeless, buildings and infrastructure destroyed
- Massive economic damage
- 230,000 killed or missing
- Massive environmental damage
- Affected most countries bordering Indian Ocean
- About
- 26th December 2004
- Destructive plate margin
- Earthquake-9.1 on richter scale
- Waves up to 30m high
- Responses
- Long-term
- Programmes set up to rebuild homes and get people back to work
- Billions of pounds pledged
- Tsunami warning systems and disaster management plans set up
- Short-term
- Ships, planes, soldiers and specialists sent
- Hundreds of millions of pounds pledged
- Long-term
- Affects
- Case Study
- Super Volcanoes
- Effects
- Thousands of cubic km of volcanic material
- Thick cloud of super heated gas flows at high speeds destroying everything within tens of miles
- Ash will block out almost all daylight-could cause mini ice age
- Ash will settle over hundreds of square kilometers
- About
- Mega-colossal volcano
- Erupts at least 1000km of volcanic material
- Rising magma cannot escape, bulge appears on surface, cracks appear in surface, gas and ash erupt, magma chamber collapses, forming caldera
- Case Study
- World temp. fell 3-5C
- 74, 000 years ago
- 3000km magma
- Toba, Sumatra
- Covered India in 15cm of ash
- Effects
- Plates
- Tsunamis
- Case Study
- Affects
- 5-6 million needed emergency supplies
- 1.7 million homeless, buildings and infrastructure destroyed
- Massive economic damage
- 230,000 killed or missing
- Massive environmental damage
- Affected most countries bordering Indian Ocean
- About
- 26th December 2004
- Destructive plate margin
- Earthquake-9.1 on richter scale
- Waves up to 30m high
- Responses
- Long-term
- Programmes set up to rebuild homes and get people back to work
- Billions of pounds pledged
- Tsunami warning systems and disaster management plans set up
- Short-term
- Ships, planes, soldiers and specialists sent
- Hundreds of millions of pounds pledged
- Long-term
- Affects
- Case Study
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