Relationships
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- Created on: 05-03-17 11:38
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- Relationships
- Sexual selection and reproductive behaviour
- Anisogamy- Differences between male and female sex cells
- Inter-sexual selection- Females quality over quantity
- Intra-sexual selection- Males quantity over quality
- Research support for inter- Clark and Hatfield found female students pickier than male
- WHR research from Singh of 0.7
- Factors effecting attraction: self-disclosure
- Social penetration theory- Altman and Taylor say penetrate more into each others lives as self-disclose
- Breadth and depth- Layers of onion metaphor
- Reciprocity of self-disclosure- Reis and Shaver say relationship needs balance of this
- Research support- Was found couples in satisfying relationships disclose more and believe their partners do too
- Physical attractiveness
- Importance of it- Shackford and Larson: symmetrical face attractive as honest sign of genetic fitness, young face trigger caring instinct
- Halo effect- Dion et al- positive stereotypes of attractive people influence our judgement
- Matching hypothesis- Choose partners roughly similar in physical attractiveness
- Palmer&Peterson- attractive people rated more politically competent
- Filter theory
- Social demography- Kerchoff&Davis say proximity and education important
- Similarity in attitudes- Bryne law of attraction being due to similarity
- Complimentary filter- partners contribute trait other lacks
- Research evidence- Similarity in early stages most satisfying and complimentary came later
- Social exchange theory
- Is the theory of how relationships form and develop. Partners act out of self-interest in exchange of costs and rewards
- Rewards, costs and profits- Thibault&Kelly economic theory predicting people want net profit
- Comparison level- Amount of reward think you deserve from relationship compared to costs informed by social norms
- Comparison level for alternatives- Consider whether could get more rewards and less costs elsewhere
- Stages of relationship development- Sample, bargaining, commitment and institutionalisation
- Equity theory
- Role of equity- Both partners level of profit needs to be similar or else one under/over benefits
- Equity and equality- What matters is ratio of rewards to costs:high levels of costs with high level of rewards fair
- Consequences of inequity- Changes in perceived equity and dealing with inequity
- Research support- Utne found partners in equitable relationship more satisfied than those who over or under benefit.
- Rusbult's investment model
- Idea that partners stay because of commitment and commitment depends on satisfaction, comparison of alternatives and investment
- Satisfaction and CLalth- satisfying relationship has many rewards and little costs compared with alternatives
- Intrinsic investments- Resources we directly put into relationship
- Extrinsic investments- Resources previously didn't have but got out of relationship
- Satisfaction versus commitment- Main psychological factor maintaining relationship is commitment explaining why dissatisfied just leave
- Relationship maintenance mechanisms- Committed partners act to promote relationship through accommodation, willingness to sacrifice, forgiveness
- Duck's phase model
- Phases people go through when relationship not working
- Intra-psychic phase- Dissatisfied partner considers dissatisfaction privately or with close friends
- Dyadic phase- Both start talking about relationship in arguments, negotiations and recriminations
- Social phase- Partners involve social networks to get support and try to forge pacts.
- Grave-dressing phase- Ex-partners tie up loose endsby constructing favorable public and private story.
- Virtual relationships in social media
- Reduced cues theory- Sproull&Kiesler CMC less effective than FtF as lack many cues we normally depend on so greater de-individuation and less self-disclosure
- Hyperpersonal model- CMC presentation gives more control over disclosure& can be manipulated to promote intimacy so can be more intense than FtF
- Absence of gating in virtual relationships- Certain characteristics act as barrier for relationship formation in FtF but no facial disfigurement in CtC so social anxiety reduced
- Relationship maintenance mechanisms- Committed partners act to promote relationship through accommodation, willingness to sacrifice, forgiveness etc
- Parasocial relationships
- McCutcheon et al identified 3 levels of parasocial relationships
- Entertainment-social: Least intense worship- viewed as sources for entertainment and fuel for social interaction.
- Intense-personal: Intermediate level reflects greater personal involvement in parasocial relationship with celeb
- Borderline pathological: Strongest level featuring uncontrollable fantasies and extreme behaviours.
- Absorption-addiction model-Formed due to deficiencies people have in own lives- lack fulfillment or have weak social identity
- Absorption: Seeking fulfillment in celeb worship motivates them to focus as far as possible on celeb, to become pre-occupied in their existence and identify with them.
- Addiction: Person needs to sustain commitment to relationship by feeling stronger and closer with celeb. May lead to extreme behaviour and delusional thinking.
- Attachment theory explanation- Insecure-resistant have emotionally unfulfilled needs; parasocial avoid threat of rejection
- McCutcheon et al identified 3 levels of parasocial relationships
- Sexual selection and reproductive behaviour
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