Psychodynamic Approach
- Created by: georgiasadler
- Created on: 16-05-14 13:13
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- PSYCHO-DYNAMIC
- What is it?
- Sigmund Freud
- Releasing unconscious desires and making them conscious
- Focused a lot on sex - was taboo at the time
- Methodology
- Case studies
- In-depth, detailed information about an individual
- Free association
- Dream analysis
- Manifest content - what you remember
- Latent content - the underlying unconscious meaning
- Slips of the tongue
- valid data
- lack reliability and generalisability
- About unconscious so cannot falsify
- Very subjective data
- Qualitative data
- Tends to be valid - rich information
- Sometimes the only way to study the required area
- Hard to generalise
- Very sbujective
- Correlation
- Levels of measurement
- Nominal data
- Categories are recorded e.g. 'yes/no'
- Ordinal data
- Ranked data
- Interval/ratio data
- Real measurement e.g. height or time
- Nominal data
- Two variables that are both measured
- Finds relationship between them
- Positive correlation
- One variable rises as the other does
- Negative correlation
- One variable rises and the other falls
- Spearman's rank
- Interferential statistical test
- Carried out if what is being tested is a relationship and not a difference
- Level of measurement is ordinal or interval data
- Critical value
- Level of significance
- Little manipulation of variables
- Doesn't shows whether relationship is chance related
- Lack validity - atleast one of variables has to be operationalised
- Levels of measurement
- Longitudinal studies
- Follow one set of participants over time
- participants may drop out
- No participant variables to affect results
- Show developmental trends
- Cross-sectional studies
- Measurements taken at one point in time
- Gather immediate results
- More ethical - only take measurements once
- Two groups - individual differences
- Situational variables cannot be controlled
- Case studies
- Content
- Freud's theory of personality
- Conscious mind
- Consists of all mental processes we are aware of
- Pre-conscious mind
- Contains all memories that are not present in the conscious but can be bought into it given the right conditions
- Unconscious mind
- Contains memories that are too threatening to be in the conscious
- have a big influence on our behaviour
- Conscious mind
- Freud's structure of personality
- ID
- Exists at birth
- Wants everything it's own way
- Inherited instincts
- Pleasure principle
- Eros - life or sexual instincts
- Thanatos - death or aggressive instinct that will attack anything that interferes with gratification of libido
- Entirely unconscious
- Ego
- referee between id and superego
- Reality principle
- Represents 'reason and good sense'
- Defence mechanisms
- Emerges around 2 years old
- Superego
- Emerges around 4 years
- Morality principle
- Ego-ideal - tells us what we should be and do
- Conscience - tells us what we should not be and do
- Makes us feel good and proud when do something well and miserable/guilty when go against rules
- ID
- Defence mechanisms
- Repression
- forcing harmful, traumatic memories into the unconscious
- Denial
- Refusing to acknowledge harmful thoughts altogether
- Displacement
- Putting unacceptable thought onto someone/thing else other than the main focus
- Repression
- 5 stages of psychosexual development
- Oral stage
- 0-2 years
- Libido is focused on mouth
- Satisfaction by sucking, eating
- If fixated will seek constant oral gratification as an adult - smoking, drinking, over eating, biting nails
- Anal stage
- 2-4 years
- Libido directed towards anal reigon
- Child becomes aware of self and recognises they must take account of demands of reality
- Anally-retentive person - obsessed with neatness, excessively self-controlled and stubborn
- Anally-expulsive person - disorganised, messy and careless
- Phallic stage
- 4-6 years
- Libido focused on penis for boys and ******** for girls
- Oedipus and Electra Complex
- Latency stage
- 6 - puberty
- Sexuality lies dormant
- Want nothing to do with opposite sex
- Develop self-confidence
- Learn social rules for appropriate male and female behaviour
- Genital stage
- Puberty onwards
- Libido focused on genitals
- Masturbation
- Beginning of mature adult sexuality
- Oral stage
- Freud's explanation of gender development
- Oedipus Complex
- Boy has sexual desires of mother
- Feels aggression towards father - jealous of his relationship with mum
- Castration axiety
- stronger than desire for mother so repressed
- Identifies with father
- Displaces feelings for mother onto women in general
- Electra Complex
- Girls have penis envy
- Identifies with mother so can possess father
- Girls have penis envy
- Oedipus Complex
- Freud's theory of personality
- Studies in detail
- Little hans
- Wanted to try and treat his phobia of horses
- Case study- info from Hans' father
- Different themes
- interested in his widdler
- wanted his father to go away
- horse phobia
- giraffe dream
- bath phobia
- bowel movements
- plumber dream
- Axline Dibs
- wanted to help Dibs unlock whatever was troubling him
- wouldn't speak/interact with others and would be aggressive if challenged
- father never picked him up from school
- he didn't want to go home from school
- play therapy
- dolls and toy soldiers
- didn't like locked rooms or walls
- Little hans
- Key issue
- do dreams have meanings?
- most dreams occur during REM sleep
- 'royal road to the unconscious'
- manifest and latent content
- PET scans show ID is active during dreaming
- Freud got his information from case studies from Viennese women and Hans' father so not reliable and very subjective
- Untitled
- What is it?
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