Organisation
- Created by: benitaxx
- Created on: 15-02-18 00:17
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- Organisation
- Digestion
- Enzymes
- Biological catalysts and protein molecules
- Space within the enzyme called the active site
- Each enzyme catalyses a specific reaction
- The chemical that reacts is called a substrate and this fits into the active site
- Space within the enzyme called the active site
- The chemical that reacts is called a substrate and this fits into the active site
- Work best at optimum temperature and pH
- If these go beyond the optimum, the enzyme becomes denatured and stops working as the substrate no longer fits into active site
- Enzymes in digestion
- Protease
- Produced in stomach, pancreas and small intestine
- Breaks down protiens into amino acids
- Lipase
- Produced in pancreas and small intestine
- Breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol
- Amylase
- Produced in salivary glands and Pancreas
- Breaks down starch into sugar
- Protease
- Bile
- A liquid made in liver and stored in gall bladder
- Alkaline to neutralise HCL
- Emulsifies fat giving enzymes a larger surface area to act on
- Enzymes
- Blood and circulation
- Blood
- Blood is a tissue mad of plasma
- Red blood cells
- biconcave discs-large surface area
- No nucleus
- Contain hemoglobin which binds to the oxygen cells to transport it from lungs to tissues and cells
- White blood cells
- Help to protect body against infection
- Can change shape so can engulf microorganisms
- Platelets
- Help to clot the blood preventing bleeding out
- Fragments of cells
- Blood vessels
- Arteries
- Take blood from heart to organs
- Thick walls made from muscle and elastic fibres
- Veins
- Take blood from organs to heart
- Thinner walls and valves to prevent backflow
- Cappilaries
- Allows substances needed by cells to pass out of blood
- Allows substances produced by cells to pass into blood
- Thin,narrow walls
- Arteries
- The heart
- Four chambers
- Left and right Atria
- The natural resting heart rate is controlled by a group of cells in the right atrium
- Left and right ventricles
- Left and right Atria
- Blood enters heart through the aria
- The atria contract, fforcing blood into ventricles
- The ventricles contract forcing blood out of the heart
- The atria contract, fforcing blood into ventricles
- Valves make sure the blood flows in the right direction
- Four chambers
- Gaseous exchange
- Heart sends blood to lungs via pulmonary artery
- Air obtained by breathing reaches lungs through trachea
- Trachea divides into 2 tubes- bronchi
- Bronchi divide to form bronchioles
- Branches divide until they end up air sacks called aveoli
- Large surface area
- Rich Blood supply
- Close to Blood capillaries so distance for gas to diffuse is small
- Blood is taken back to the lungs via pulmonary vein
- Branches divide until they end up air sacks called aveoli
- Bronchi divide to form bronchioles
- Trachea divides into 2 tubes- bronchi
- Air obtained by breathing reaches lungs through trachea
- Heart sends blood to lungs via pulmonary artery
- Blood
- Non-communicable diseases
- Health and disease
- Good health is a state of physical and mental wellbeing
- Non- communicable diseases can't be spread between organisms
- Risk factors
- Things that make it more likely for someone to develop a disease
- Aspects of persons lifestyle
- Scientists need to look for a causal mechanism to prove risk factors
- Substances in persons body or enviroment
- Scientists need to look for a causal mechanism to prove risk factors
- Coronary heart disease
- Layers of fatty material build up in coronary arteries and narrow them
- Stents can ope arteries, stains can slow down the rate at which fat builds up
- Cancer
- There are genetic and lifestyle risk factors
- Caused by uncontrolled cell division resulting in masses of cells called tumors
- There are benign tumors (don't spread) and malignant tumors (Spread in blood to different body parts
- Health and disease
- Transport in plants
- Epidermis
- Covers and protects outer surfaces
- Palisade mesophyll
- Main site of photosynthesis
- Spongy mesophyll
- Allows gas to diffuse through leaf
- Xylem Vessels
- Supports plant and transports water and minerals
- Phloem vessels
- Transports dissolved food materials
- Meristem tissue
- Produces new cells for growth
- Transipartion
- Water enters pant through osmosis
- Water carried up to xylem vessels, roots, stems and leaves
- At leaves water evaporates or diffueses through stomata
- Loss of water is called transpiration
- Increase in temperature will increase rate of transpiration
- Faster air flow will increase rate
- Increased light intensity increases rate
- Increase in humidity will decrease rate
- Loss of water is called transpiration
- At leaves water evaporates or diffueses through stomata
- Water carried up to xylem vessels, roots, stems and leaves
- Water enters pant through osmosis
- Epidermis
- Digestion
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