Organic Chemistry
CCEA revised Unit 2 chapter15-16
- Created by: Abigail
- Created on: 14-06-13 18:35
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- Organic Chemistry
- Fossil Fuels
- Formed from dead plants and animals
- non- renewable- cannot be replaced in a human lifetime and will eventually run out
- Spillage of crude oil causes environmental problems: destroys habitats, harms diving birds, creates eyesores
- Fractional distillation of crude oil
- Fractionating column
- 1. refinery gas 2. petrol 3. naphtha 4. kerosene 5. diesel oil 6. fuel oil and lubricating oil
- As go down: increasing boiling point increasing number of carbon atoms increasing size of hydrocarbons
- Crude oil enters at bottom as hot gaseous mixture
- bubble caps allow gases to move upwards
- Uses of fractions
- refinery gas = bottled gases
- Petrol= vehicle fuel
- Naphtha=chemicals and plastics
- diesel oil= large vehicle fuel
- Fuel oil and lubricating oil=fuel for ships and lubricating
- Bitumen= road tar
- Fractionating column
- Homologous series
- Alkanes
- CnH2n+2
- gases
- staurated
- Alkenes
- CnH2n
- unsaturates
- gases
- Alcohols
- CnH2n+1OH
- liquids
- Carboxylic Acids
- CnH2n+1COOH
- liquids
- Alkanes
- Combustion
- Reaction of a fuel with oxygen producing oxides and releasing heat
- Complete combustion= when a fuel burns in plentiful supply of oxygen/air to form carbon dioxide and water releasing heat
- Incomplete combustion= when a fuel burns in limited supply of oxygen/air to form carbon monoxide, and sometimes soot (carbon), and water releasing heat
- Alcohols burn with a blue flame
- Greenhouse Effect
- increased levels of carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide in atmosphere
- global warming, rising sea levels, melting of polar ice caps, climate change
- minimised by: alternative energy sources, clean fuels, 'cleaner' fuels
- Acid Rain
- S+O2 -> SO2
- SO2 + H2O -> H2SO4
- defoliates trees, pollutes rivers, destroys limestone structues
- minimised by: burning less fossil fuels, removing sulfur from fuels, treating emissions, using catalytic converters in car exhaust systems
- Addition Polymerisation
- adding molecules together to form a polymer as the only product-the long molecule is the polymer
- Monomer has a C=C double bond and is an alkene
- uses of polymers: polythene for bags and bottles-easily coloured and moulded. PVC for door and window frames-coloured and molded but more durable
- Fermenation
- ethanol by fermenation of sugars
- Carboxylic Acids
- sodium carbonate
- bubbles of gas,solid disappears, colourless solution formed
- Sodium salt, water, carbon dioxide formed
- Magnesium
- bubbles of gas, heat released, metal dissapears, colourless solution
- magnesium salt, hydrogen
- Sodium hydroxide
- heat released, solution remains colourless
- sodium salt, water
- sodium carbonate
- Fossil Fuels
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