Organic chemistry
- Created by: Joe Clarkson
- Created on: 30-04-13 12:30
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- Organic chemistry
- Homologous series
- Group of smiliar compounds
- Similar molecular structure
- Similiar chemical properties
- Physical properties change - increase in boiling point as the size of the molecule increases.
- Alkanes/Alkenes
- Only contain hydrogen/carbon
- Alkenes have at least one double bond
- Alochols
- (OH) functional group
- Meth = one C atom, Eth = two C atoms, Prop = three C atoms
- Carboxylic acids
- COOH functional group
- COOH contains double bond between C and O
- Names end in anoic acid
- COOH functional group
- Group of smiliar compounds
- Production of ethanol
- Fermention is the process of using yeast to turn carbs(sugars) into alcohol
- Carbs can come from any source (sugar cane etc...)
- Yeast cells contain an enzyme to speed up the reaction
- Conditions
- Anerobic conditions must be maintained to prevent convertion of ethanol into ethanoic acid
- Concentration of ethanol is between 10-20%
- Pro= renewable energy source, con= low quality of ethanol
- Fractional distillation is used to concentrate ethanol
- To make a concentration of above 20%
- Ethanol has a lower boiling point than water so evaporates first and is condensed in the liebig condeser
- Fermention is the process of using yeast to turn carbs(sugars) into alcohol
- Production and issues of ethanol
- Ethanol can be produced by reacting steam with ethene
- Cheap process, high quality BUT non-renewable
- Too much alcohol is bad for the body
- Less inhibited - reduces activity of the nervous system, dehydration and liver disease
- Too much alcohol is bad for society
- Loutish behavior, irresponsible sexual behavior, addicts, drink driving leading to death, high economic costs
- Ethanol can be produced by reacting steam with ethene
- Ethene and Ethanoic acid
- Ethanol can be dehydrated over a hot aluminium oxide catalyst to create ethene
- Ethanoic acid is in vinegar
- Created by oxidizing ethanol
- Used in flavourings and preserving foods
- Salts form in a reaction are called ethanoates
- Esters
- Functional group -COO-
- Formed by an alcohol reacting with a carboxylic acid
- Sulphuric acid catalyst is usually used
- Uses of esters
- Flavourings and perfumes
- Polyesters
- Recycled into fleece
- Soap
- Ester reacting with an alkali= soap
- Fat breaks down into glycerol and long chain carboxylic acids and the acids react with the alkali
- Soaps are just long chain carboxylic acids
- Fat breaks down into glycerol and long chain carboxylic acids and the acids react with the alkali
- Process
- In water, soap molecules form anions with hydrophobic and hydrophilic part
- Tail is hydrophobic and attracted to grease
- Head is hydrophilic and dissolves in water
- Soap anions let water and oil mix, allowing droplets to form and be lifted out.
- In water, soap molecules form anions with hydrophobic and hydrophilic part
- Tail is hydrophobic and attracted to grease
- Head is hydrophilic and dissolves in water
- Soap anions let water and oil mix, allowing droplets to form and be lifted out.
- Soap anions let water and oil mix, allowing droplets to form and be lifted out.
- Head is hydrophilic and dissolves in water
- Tail is hydrophobic and attracted to grease
- In water, soap molecules form anions with hydrophobic and hydrophilic part
- Soap anions let water and oil mix, allowing droplets to form and be lifted out.
- Head is hydrophilic and dissolves in water
- Tail is hydrophobic and attracted to grease
- In water, soap molecules form anions with hydrophobic and hydrophilic part
- Ester reacting with an alkali= soap
- E.g fat/oil
- Vegetables oils are hydrogenated for the food industry
- Less double bonds = solid
- Polyunsaturated vegetable oils are hydrogenated to make margerine
- Esters
- Functional group -COO-
- Formed by an alcohol reacting with a carboxylic acid
- Sulphuric acid catalyst is usually used
- Uses of esters
- Flavourings and perfumes
- Polyesters
- Recycled into fleece
- Soap
- Ester reacting with an alkali= soap
- Fat breaks down into glycerol and long chain carboxylic acids and the acids react with the alkali
- Soaps are just long chain carboxylic acids
- Fat breaks down into glycerol and long chain carboxylic acids and the acids react with the alkali
- Process
- Ester reacting with an alkali= soap
- E.g fat/oil
- Vegetables oils are hydrogenated for the food industry
- Less double bonds = solid
- Polyunsaturated vegetable oils are hydrogenated to make margerine
- Polyunsaturated vegetable oils are hydrogenated to make margerine
- Less double bonds = solid
- Esters
- Polyunsaturated vegetable oils are hydrogenated to make margerine
- Less double bonds = solid
- Homologous series
- Ethyl ethanoate is formed by reacting ethanol with ethanoic acid
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