Organic Chemistry
- Created by: SomeKindOfMagic
- Created on: 05-11-17 13:16
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- Organic Chemistry
- Hydrocarbons
- A molecule made up of only hydrogen and carbon
- Separated through fractional distillation
- Complete combustion give water and CO2
- Alkanes
- All end in ane and the prefix shows number of carbon atoms
- Smaller ones are more flammable, less viscous and have a lower boiling point than larger ones
- This is why they are in higher demand as fuels
- They can be split into a smaller alkane and an alkene through cracking
- The alkane is passed over a catalyst at high temps - thermal decomposition
- The general formula is CnH2n+2
- Saturated molecules
- Alkenes
- All end in ene and the prefix shows number of carbon atoms
- The general formula is CnH2n
- Used to make polymers which then make plastics
- A polymer is a repeating loop of alkenes joined together with only a single bond
- Can partake in "addition reactions"
- The C=C bond opens up so one more atom can join on either side
- Unsaturated molecules
- 2 less H atoms than the corresponding alkane
- Functional group is C=C
- Alcohols
- All end in -ol
- The general formula is CnH2n+1OH
- Give off hydrogen when reacted with sodium
- Oxidised using potassium dichromate or microbes to make a carboxylic acid
- Uased in solvents and fuels
- Burn in air to make CO2 and H2O
- Ethanol is used in alcoholic drinks
- Can be made fermenting sugar with yeast
- Works best at 37*c and in aerobic + acidic conditions
- Can be made fermenting sugar with yeast
- Methanol to Propanol make a neutral solution in water
- The functional group is -OH
- Carboxylic Acids (+ Esters)
- The functional group is COOH
- They are weak acids
- Only partially dissociate in water
- Ethanoic acid -> CH3COOH
- Ethanoic Acid + Ethanol -> Ethyl Ethanoate + Water
- They have properties similar to all acids
- React with alcohols to produce esters
- Addition Polymerisation
- The joining together of monomers to make large chain molecules (polymers)
- The alkene's double bond "opens up" and the alkene molecules all link together
- The polymer has "poly" in front of the alkene e.g. polyethene
- Condensation Polymerisation
- Uses 2 monomer types with 2 of the same functional group or 1 monomer type with 2 different functional groups
- It produces a polymer and a small molecule (e.g. water)
- Amino acids contain 2 functional groups - amino (NH2 and a carboxylic (COOH)
- They produce proteins and water
- Fermentation vs Hydration
- Fermentation
- Renewable
- Best for small batches
- Not as high quality ethanol
- Slow rate of productions
- Hydration
- Best for large batches
- Can be produced continously
- Higher quality ethanol
- Non renewable
- Fast rate of production
- Best for large batches
- Fermentation
- Naturally occurring polymers
- DNA
- A double helix of 2 polymer chains (each made from 2 different monomers called nucleotides)
- Starch
- Proteins
- Cellulose
- From sugars
- DNA
- Hydrocarbons
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