Organic Chemistry

Created by: RevisingBird
Created on: 17-03-18 18:20

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Organic Chemistry
- Crude Oil and Hydrocarbons
  - Crude Oil
    - Mostly made of hydrocarbons
      - Hydrocarbons
        Chemical containing carbon and hydrogen
        
        Most are alkenes
        CnH2n
        
        Bromine water -colourless
        
        Unsaturated hydrocarbon
        
        During combustion
        Smokier orange yellow flame
        
        Incomplete
        
        Less energy per mole than alkane
        
        Double bonds
        Can undergo more reactions
    - Made of chemicals
  - Hydrocarbons
    - Chemical containing carbon and hydrogen
    - Most are alkenes
      - CnH2n
      - Bromine water -colourless
      - Unsaturated hydrocarbon
      - During combustion
        Smokier orange yellow flame
        
        Incomplete
        
        Less energy per mole than alkane
      - Double bonds
        Can undergo more reactions
- Alcohols
  - Fermentation of Alcohol
    - Glucose --> Ethanol + Carbon dioxide
  - CnH2n+1OH
  - Hydration of Ethene
    - Ethene + Water --> Ethanol
- Carboxylic Acids
  - CnH2n+1 COOH
    - Except for methanoic acid HCOOH
  - Used in esters
  - React with carbonates to form...
    - salt
    - water
    - carbon dioxide
  - Strong acids completely ionise in water
  - Weak acids partially ionise in water
    - Ethanoic acid is weaker than hydrochloric acid
    - Equilibrium when ethanoic acid partially ionises in water
  - Equilibrium when ethanoic acid partially ionises in water
- Esters
  - Made of carboxylic acid and alcohol
- Polymers
  - Monomers - small repeating molecule
  - Polymers - made up of many monomers
  - Additional polymerisation
    - Needs a double bond
    - These bonds broken when monomers repeat and add together
      - Needs a double bond
    - Shorthand formula example
  - Thermo - softening
    - Chains easy to seperate
    - Weak intermolecular forces
    - When cooling forces pull molecules together
    - Can be remoulded when heated
  - Thermosetting
    - Strong covalent bonds
      - Chains fixed together
    - Burns when heated strongly
    - Can change shape + softness by temperature
  - LDPE
    - Low density side branches
      - Prevents tight packing
    - Weak intermolecular forces
    - 200ºC - high pressure
    - Weak structure
    - Low melting point
  - HDPE
    - High density chains
      - Allows tight packing
    - Strong intermolecular forces
    - Low pressure (+catalyst 60ºC)
    - Strong structure
    - High melting points
  - Condensation polymerisation
    - Releases molecule as monomers come together
      - Often water
    - Amino acids connects between...
      - Amino group
      - Carboxylic acid group
    - Forms a peptide bond between N and C
    - DNA
      - Natural polymer
Alkanes
- CnH2n+2
- No double bonds
- Fractional Distillation
  - Fractions that burn well can be used as fuels
  - Other fractions can be used as the starting materials
  - Fractional Distillation Diagram Quiz
- Properties
  - Viscosity gets higher
    - Thick, sticky fluid
  - Flammability gets lower
- Saturated