Memory 1
- Created by: emg02
- Created on: 31-08-20 12:40
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- Memory 1 (pg46-51)
- Multi-Store Model (MSM) - Atkinson & Shriffin (1968-1971)
- Image: https://attemptingtopasspsychology.wordpress.com/2016/10/06/the-multi-store-model-of-memory/
- Sensory Register
- All stimuli from the environment pass into the SR ie. the sound of someone talking
- There is a sensory memory store for each of the 5 senses so coding is modality-specific (depends on sense)
- ie. the store coding for VISUAL information is ICONIC memory
- ie. the store for coding ACOUSTIC information is ECHOIC memory
- Duration of SR material is very brief - less than half a second
- SRs have very high capacity ie. millions of eye cells storing data from the eye
- Attention is the key process. Without it, memory is not stored
- Short-Term Memory (STM)
- Is coded mainly accoustically
- Lasts about 18 seconds unless rehearsed
- Capacity: 7(+/-) 2
- Between 5 and 9 pieces of information at any one time
- Maintenance rehearsal occurs when we repeat material to ourselves over and over, keeping it in STM
- If rehearsed for long enough, material can pass into LTM
- Temporary store
- Long-Term Memory (LTM)
- Potentially permanent/ life-time store of information that has been rehearsed for a long time
- ie. Bahrick et al.(1975) yearbook and name recognition study = 50 years after graduating memory was strong
- Most coded semantically ie. in terms of meaning
- According to MSM, when we want to recall LTMs, it has to be transferred back into STM via a process called Retrieval
- Potentially permanent/ life-time store of information that has been rehearsed for a long time
- Types of LTM
- Epsiodic
- Ability to recall events/episodes from our lives
- These memories are complex and "time-stamped"= you remember when and where
- Semantic
- Contains our shared knowledge of the world
- Likened to a combination of an encyclopedia and a dictionary
- Contains knowledge of concepts ie animals, love and "Frozen"
- Not "time-stamped"
- Less personal, more factual
- Tulving: Less vulnerable to distortionand forgettng than episodic memory
- Procedural
- Memory for actions or skills
- These memories can be recalled without conscious awareness of much effort (eventually)
- Becomes automatic through practise
- You might find these memories and skills hard to explain to someone else
- Links to Clive Wearing
- Epsiodic
- Coding, Capacity & Duration of Memory
- Research on Coding
- The conversion of information between different forms
- Baddeley (1966) gave different lists of words to 4 groups of pps to remember.
- Group 1: Acoustically similar
- Group 2: Acoustically dissimilar
- Group 3: Semantically similar
- Group 4: Semantically dissimilar
- Pps were shown words and asked to recall in order. Immediately/ STM= worse on acoustically similar words. After 20 min interval/ LTM= worse on semantically similar words
- STM is coded acoustically & LTM semantically
- Pps were shown words and asked to recall in order. Immediately/ STM= worse on acoustically similar words. After 20 min interval/ LTM= worse on semantically similar words
- Group 4: Semantically dissimilar
- Group 3: Semantically similar
- Group 2: Acoustically dissimilar
- Group 1: Acoustically similar
- Research on Capacity
- Digit span- Jacobs 1887
- Researcher reads out 4 digits and pp recalls these out loud in correct order. Researcher adds numbers until pp can't recall order of numbers correctly = individual's digit span.
- Mean digit span= 9.3
- Mean letter span= 7.3
- Researcher reads out 4 digits and pp recalls these out loud in correct order. Researcher adds numbers until pp can't recall order of numbers correctly = individual's digit span.
- Digit span- Jacobs 1887
- Research on Duration
- Peterson" (1959) Trigrams at 3 second time intervals
- 3 secs= 80%. 18 secs= 3%.
- STM is 18 secs without rehearsal
- 3 secs= 80%. 18 secs= 3%.
- Bahrick (1975) school yearbooks, faces and names upto 50 years later.
- Photo recognition: 15 years=90%. 48 years=70%.
- Free recall: 15 years=60%. 48 years=30%.
- Some mateials may be LTM life-long
- Photo recognition: 15 years=90%. 48 years=70%.
- Peterson" (1959) Trigrams at 3 second time intervals
- Research on Coding
- Multi-Store Model (MSM) - Atkinson & Shriffin (1968-1971)
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