Memory 1

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  • Created by: emg02
  • Created on: 31-08-20 12:40
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  • Memory 1 (pg46-51)
    • Multi-Store Model (MSM) - Atkinson & Shriffin (1968-1971)
      • Image: https://attemptingtopasspsychology.wordpress.com/2016/10/06/the-multi-store-model-of-memory/
      • Sensory Register
        • All stimuli from the environment pass into the SR ie. the sound of someone talking
        • There is a sensory memory store for each of the 5 senses so coding is modality-specific (depends on sense)
          • ie. the store coding for VISUAL information is ICONIC memory
          • ie. the store for coding ACOUSTIC information is ECHOIC memory
        • Duration of SR material is very brief - less than half a second
        • SRs have very high capacity ie. millions of eye cells storing data from the eye
        • Attention is the key process. Without it, memory is not stored
      • Short-Term Memory (STM)
        • Is coded mainly accoustically
        • Lasts about 18 seconds unless rehearsed
        • Capacity: 7(+/-) 2
          • Between 5 and 9 pieces of information at any one time
        • Maintenance rehearsal occurs when we repeat material to ourselves over and over, keeping it in STM
          • If rehearsed for long enough, material can pass into LTM
        • Temporary store
      • Long-Term Memory (LTM)
        • Potentially permanent/ life-time store of information that has been rehearsed for a long time
          • ie. Bahrick et al.(1975) yearbook and name recognition study = 50 years after graduating memory was strong
        • Most coded semantically ie. in terms of meaning
        • According to MSM, when we want to recall LTMs, it has to be transferred back into STM via a process called Retrieval
    • Types of LTM
      • Epsiodic
        • Ability to recall events/episodes from our lives
        • These memories are complex and "time-stamped"= you remember when and where
      • Semantic
        • Contains our shared knowledge of the world
        • Likened to a combination of an encyclopedia and a dictionary
        • Contains knowledge of concepts ie animals, love and "Frozen"
        • Not "time-stamped"
        • Less personal, more factual
          • Tulving: Less vulnerable to distortionand forgettng than episodic memory
      • Procedural
        • Memory for actions or skills
        • These memories can be recalled without conscious awareness of much effort (eventually)
        • Becomes automatic through practise
        • You might find these memories and skills hard to explain to someone else
        • Links to Clive Wearing
    • Coding, Capacity & Duration of Memory
      • Research on Coding
        • The conversion of information between different forms
        • Baddeley (1966) gave different lists of words to 4 groups of pps to remember.
          • Group 1: Acoustically similar
            • Group 2: Acoustically dissimilar
              • Group 3: Semantically similar
                • Group 4: Semantically dissimilar
                  • Pps were shown words and asked to recall in order. Immediately/ STM= worse on acoustically similar words. After 20 min interval/ LTM= worse on semantically similar words
                    • STM is coded acoustically & LTM semantically
      • Research on Capacity
        • Digit span- Jacobs 1887
          • Researcher reads out 4 digits and pp recalls these out loud in correct order. Researcher adds numbers until pp can't recall order of numbers correctly = individual's digit span.
            • Mean digit span= 9.3
            • Mean letter span= 7.3
      • Research on Duration
        • Peterson" (1959) Trigrams at 3 second time intervals
          • 3 secs= 80%. 18 secs= 3%.
            • STM is 18 secs without rehearsal
        • Bahrick (1975) school yearbooks, faces and names upto 50 years later.
          • Photo recognition: 15 years=90%. 48 years=70%.
            • Free recall: 15 years=60%. 48 years=30%.
            • Some mateials may be LTM life-long

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