Medical applications of physics (ultrasound)

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  • Medical Applications of Physics (Ultrasound)
    • Properties
      • High frequency sound waves (beyond upper limit of human hearing)
      • Produced by some animals (e.g. bats & dolphins) + some electronic products
      • Useful because non-invasive & non-ionising
    • How it works (in medicine)
      • When directed at the body, the surfaces of different tissues inside the body reflect the ultrasound
      • Electronic system can be used to detect ultrasound pulses& computer analyses the data received
      • Ultrasound probe both transmits pulses and receives echoes
        • Ultrasound waves= partly reflected when meet boundary between two medias of different density
        • By timing how long it takes for reflected pulse to get back to detector, we can work out how far away the boundary is
    • Uses
      • Pre-natal scanning of foetus
        • Computer combines many ultrasound reflection readings to produce a detailed image of developing baby
        • Check baby=developing normally
        • Take measurement-s of its growth
        • Exact timing & distribution of echoes processed by computer & make video image of foetus
      • Dentistry
        • Ultrasound pulses can clean off plaque
      • Breaking down kidney stones
        • Kidney stones=hard masses that can block urinary tract
        • Ultrasound beam concentrates high energy waves at kidney stone & turns it into sand-like particles
          • These particles can then pass out of the body in the urine
        • Good because relatively painless & patient doesn't have to have surgery
    • Safety risks
      • Only after 18 weeks of pregnancy are problems with the baby's development likely to show
      • Can heat tissues slightly
      • In some cases, can cause small packets of gas in fluids/tissues

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