MARKETING MIX

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  • MARKETING MIX
    • Price
      • Refers to the amount of money a firm requires in return to provide the good/service
      • Factors influencing price
        • The nature of the product
          • Luxury goods with a reputal brand = high price expectation
          • Products which are necessities e.g. bread = Customers know what to pay
        • Level of Competition
        • Price consumers are willling to pay (PED)
        • The cost of production: ALL costs must be covered to make a product
      • Pricing strategies
        • Competitive pricing
          • Price is set at the same price as competitors or slightly lower
        • Penetration pricing
          • Product is priced low to attract consumers > creates loyalty then price is increased
        • Predator/ Destroyer Pricing
          • Prices set so low to drive out competition. Once competititon is out, price increases
        • Psychological pricing
          • Prices set at lower prices i.e. 99p. Designed to convince customers they are getting a good deal
        • Skimming/ Creaming
          • Launching a new product: prices set extremely high and gradually reduced
        • Cost plus Pricing
          • Firm calculates average cost then adds on a markup based on target profit
    • Product
      • refers to anything which is offered for sale on a market that is capable of satisfying consumers
      • Layered Product Model
        • Benefit "core": highlights for the consumer the benefits gained when buying a product e.g. food = to satisfy hunger
        • Actual product: what draws you to the actual product e.g. colour
        • Augmented product: other add-ons which can influence the purchase e.g. free delivery/ returns
      • Product  Life Cycle
    • Place
      • The means by which the product will be distributed at a time and location convenient to the consumer
      • Channels of Distribution
        • Refers to the system of organisation through which goods and services are transferred from the manufacturer to the final consumer
        • Choosing a distribution channel
          • Cost of distribution channel
          • Level of control: how much manufacturer can dictate in terms of % markup, shelf space and advertising
          • Geographical coverage
          • Reliability of the channel
      • Methods of transport
        • Road
        • Rail
        • Air
        • Sea
        • Pipeline/ Cable
    • Physical Environment
      • Where the company operates - working environment e.g. e-commerce = website, shop = shop layout, welcoming, lighting, etc.
    • Processes
      • Any system employed by the business to get to consumer e.g. ICT, clock in/out, delivery tracking
    • People
      • All about employees - training is incorporated here to ensure staff can deliver a professional service
    • Promotion
      • The process by which businesses communicate information about their products in an attempt to persuade consumers to purchase them.
      • AIDA Model
        • The stages a consumer goes through before making a purchase.
      • Promotional Strategies
        • Advertising
          • refers to the process of drawing attention to a brand, product or company.
        • Sales promotion
          • Price discounts
          • Loss leaders: made to draw in customers
          • Point of sale: e.g. chewing gum beside till
        • Sponsonship
        • Public Relations
          • Showing that you are a reputal brand. Allows company to create a positive image, establishing good will amongst their customers while subtly advertising their brand
          • Charity events, prduct placement, sponsoring award ceremonies

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