Learning Approach
- Created by: hollylouisee.x
- Created on: 12-05-19 12:19
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- Learning Approach
- Behaviourism
- 5 things behavioural psychologists state
- psychology is a science
- psychologists should study observable behaviour
- people have no free will (environment determines behaviour
- when born our mind is a tabula rasa (blank slate)
- there is little difference between human and animal minds
- Ivan Pavlov
- first formulated classical conditioning
- learning to associate one thing with another so responding to something associated with something else
- gives no consideration to thought processes
- lots of evidence to support it
- noticed dogs salivated in response to food so began ringing a bell before feeding them
- found the salivated at just the sound of the bell as they associated it with food
- it is a lab experiment which gives confidence in his findings
- unclear as to whether we can extrapolate the findings to explain human behaviour
- extrapolation is taking findings from one species and applying it to another
- first formulated classical conditioning
- Watson and Rayner
- Little Albert - showed a baby a rat and produced it again accompanied with a loud noise
- the baby eventually got scared of the rat
- Little Albert - showed a baby a rat and produced it again accompanied with a loud noise
- B.F. Skinner
- believed the best way to understand behaviour was to consider its consequences
- formulated operant conditioning
- operant conditioning is learning to associate consequences of behaviour
- can be applied to the world around us because it happens all the time e.g. lottery
- you can extrapolate the findings to humans
- it ignores thought processes
- said different types of reinforcement has different effects on the likelihood of behaviour being repeated
- reinforcement is anything which has the likelihood of behaviour being repeated
- positive reinforcement
- consequences that are pleasant when they happen so increase the likelihood of behaviour being repeated
- negative reinforcement
- consequences that are pleasant when they stop and so increased likelihood of behaviour being repeated
- punishment
- consequences that are unpleasant when they happen
- positive reinforcement
- reinforcement is anything which has the likelihood of behaviour being repeated
- put a rat in a Skinner box and had it run round until it pressed a lever which stopped the current in the floor
- eventually the rat learnt to press the lever immediately to stop discomfort
- used a reinforcement schedule to follow up his research - used different ratio schedules for when food was dispensed
- found unpredictable reinforcement was more successful for conditioning than continuous reinforcement
- reliable as he repeated it many times and it was a lab experiment meaning it was controlled
- 5 things behavioural psychologists state
- Social Learning Theory
- proposed by Albert Bandura
- Bobo Doll experiment - had an experimental group watch adults play aggressively with bobo dolls and a control group watch adults play calmly with them
- each group imitated the behaviour they saw
- had an experimental group watch either people or fantasy characters being violent on tv and a control group watch relaxing behaviour
- both groups imitated what they saw, but the experimental group were even more aggressive than those who watched the bobo dolls
- lacks ecological validity - fake setting and children don't often sit and watch people play
- lab experiment so it is controlled, and the independent variable affected the dependent variable so it was reliable
- used a lab experiment methodology with an independent groups design
- independent variable = behaviour seen
- dependent variable = behaviour shown
- Bobo Doll experiment - had an experimental group watch adults play aggressively with bobo dolls and a control group watch adults play calmly with them
- we learn though observing and imitating others, especially if they appear to be rewarded for their behaviour
- there are 5 key concepts linked with SLT
- modelling
- observation of a person performing particular behaviour
- 2 types; live and symbolic
- identification
- when someone can relate to a model - the stronger they identify, the more likely they are to copy
- vicarious reinforcement
- learning likely consequences and adjusting subsequent behaviour
- imitation
- copying behaviour
- mediational processes
- mental processes which decide whether to copy or not
- occur after the stimulus and before the response
- modelling
- we learn from our environment e.g. different cultures greet each other differently
- more valuable that behaviourism because it implies we have thoughts rather than acting like robots
- overlooks alternative explanations for behaviour which might be more valid e.g. boys are more aggressive due to testosterone
- proposed by Albert Bandura
- Behaviourism
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