Theorists
- Created by: Sam Hockley
- Created on: 10-05-14 11:18
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- Language and Gender Theorists
- Robin Lakoff (1975)
- Found that 'women's language' lacked real authority, and consisted of: tag questions, hedges, fillers, politeness, intensifiers and expletive terms.
- The Deficit Approach
- O'Barr and Atkins (1980)
- Observed courtroom trials. Lower-class or less- authoritative people used Lakoff's 'women's language' so therefore renamed it 'powerless language'
- Challenging Lakoff
- Robin Lakoff (1975)
- Found that 'women's language' lacked real authority, and consisted of: tag questions, hedges, fillers, politeness, intensifiers and expletive terms.
- The Deficit Approach
- Robin Lakoff (1975)
- Jennifer Coates (1989)
- The Difference Approach
- Peter Tudgill
- Women's pronunciation is more like Received English, therefore having more prestige.
- Jenny Cheshire
- men use more non-standard forms than girls to seem more rebellious and tough
- Covert prestige is used more with women
- Peter Tudgill
- All female talk is cooperative, negotiate discussions and support each other. She argues these patterns are not found in mixed-talk.
- Coates said women used epistemic modal forms: 'perhaps', 'sort of' to avoid face-threatening acts.
- The Difference Approach
- Janet Holmes
- Alternative to Lakoff
- Tag questions as politeness and boosting devices.
- Tag questions are multi functional tools
- Alternative to Lakoff
- Zimmerman and West (1975)
- The Dominance Approach
- Found that in their (small) data, 96% of interruptions in mixed-talk were made by men.
- Women had restricted linguistic freedom. Men sought out to impose dominance by applying constraints.
- Deborah Tannen (1990)
- Explained differences in male and female speech styles
- Status vs. support
- independence vs. intimacy
- Advice vs. understanding
- Information vs. feelings
- Orders vs. proposals
- Conflict vs. compromise
- Deborah Cameron
- The Similarities Approach
- Gender roles have become more blurred as society has modernised.
- Robin Lakoff (1975)
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