B1 Keeping Healthy
- Created by: Hollie Wickens
- Created on: 30-03-14 13:19
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- Keeping Healthy
- Diet and Metabolic Rate
- For good health, your diet must provide the energy you need
- Because the different food groups have different uses in the body, you need to have the right balance of foods as well
- You need enough carbohydrates to release energy
- You need enough fats to keep warm and release energy
- Too much of saturated fats can raise your cholesterol level
- You need enough protein for growth, cell repair and cell replacement
- You need enough fibre to keep everything moving smoothly through your digestive system
- You need tiny amounts of various vitamins and mineral ions to keep your skin, bones, blood and everything else generally healthy
- Sodium (salt) is one of said mineral ions, and it can lead to health problems, including high blood pressure
- Because the different food groups have different uses in the body, you need to have the right balance of foods as well
- You need energy to fuel the chemical reactions in the body that keep you alive
- These reactions are called your metabolism, and the speed at which they occur is your metabolic rate
- There are slight variations in the resting metabolic rate of different people
- For example, muscle needs more energy than fatty tissue which means (all other things being equal) people with a higher proportion of muscle to fat in their bodies will have a higher metabolic rate
- Regular exercise can boost your resting metabolic rate because it builds muscle
- However, physically bigger people are likely to have a higher metabolic rate than smaller people - the bigger you are, the more energy your body needs to be supplied with (because you have more cells)
- Men tend to have a slightly higher rate than women - they're slightly bigger and have a larger proportion of muscle
- Other genetic factors may also have some effect
- For example, muscle needs more energy than fatty tissue which means (all other things being equal) people with a higher proportion of muscle to fat in their bodies will have a higher metabolic rate
- When you exercise, you obviously need more energy - so your metabolic rate goes up during exercise and stays high for some time after you finish (particularly if the exercise is strenuous)
- So people who have more active jobs need more energy on a regular basis - builders require more energy per day than office workers, for instance
- This means your activity level affects the amount of energy your diet should contain
- If you do little exercise, you're going to need less energy, so less fat and carbohydrate in your diet, than if you're constantly on the go
- There are slight variations in the resting metabolic rate of different people
- These reactions are called your metabolism, and the speed at which they occur is your metabolic rate
- For good health, your diet must provide the energy you need
- Factors Affecting Health
- People whose diet is badly out of balance are said to be malnourished
- Malnourished people can be fat or thin, or unhealthy in other ways
- Malnourishment is different from starvation, which is not getting enough food of any sort
- People whose diet is badly out of balance are said to be malnourished
- Malnourished people can be fat or thin, or unhealthy in other ways
- Malnourishment is different from starvation, which is not getting enough food of any sort
- The effects of malnutrition vary depending on what foods are missing from the diet
- Problems commonly include:
- Slow growth in children
- Fatigue
- Poor resistance to infection
- Irregular periods in women
- Deficiency diseases are caused by a lack of vitamins or minerals
- For example, a lack of vitamin C can cause scurvy, a deficiency disease that causes problems with the skin, joints and gums
- Problems commonly include:
- Malnourishment is different from starvation, which is not getting enough food of any sort
- Malnourished people can be fat or thin, or unhealthy in other ways
- People whose diet is badly out of balance are said to be malnourished
- The effects of malnutrition vary depending on what foods are missing from the diet
- Problems commonly include:
- Slow growth in children
- Fatigue
- Poor resistance to infection
- Irregular periods in women
- Deficiency diseases are caused by a lack of vitamins or minerals
- For example, a lack of vitamin C can cause scurvy, a deficiency disease that causes problems with the skin, joints and gums
- Problems commonly include:
- Malnourishment is different from starvation, which is not getting enough food of any sort
- Malnourished people can be fat or thin, or unhealthy in other ways
- Excess carbohydrate or fat in the diet can lead to obesity
- Obesity is a common disorder in developed countries - it's defined as being 20% over maximum recommended body mass
- Hormonal problems can lead to obesity, though the usual cause is a bad diet, overeating and a lack of exercise
- Health problems that can arise as a result of obesity include:
- Arthritis (inflammation of the joints)
- Type 2 diabetes (inability to control blood sugar level)
- High blood pressure
- Heart disease
- Too much saturated fat in your diet can increase your blood cholesterol level
- Eating too much salt can cause high blood pressure and heart problems
- Some people suffer from lack of food, particularly in developing countries
- Exercise is important as well as diet - people who exercise regularly are usually healthier than those who don't
- Exercise increases the amount of energy used by the body and decreases the amount stored as fat
- It also builds muscle so it helps to boost your metabolic rate
- That means people who exercise are less likely to suffer from health problems such as obesity
- However, sometimes people can be fit but not healthy - e.g. you can be physically fit and slim, but malnourished at the same time because your diet isn't balanced
- That means people who exercise are less likely to suffer from health problems such as obesity
- It also builds muscle so it helps to boost your metabolic rate
- Exercise increases the amount of energy used by the body and decreases the amount stored as fat
- Your health can depend on inherited factors too
- Some people may inherit factors that affect their metabolic rate
- For example, some inherited factors cause an underactive thyroid gland, which can lower the metabolic rate and cause obesity
- Other people may inherit factors that affect their blood cholesterol level
- Cholesterol is a fatty substance that's essential for good health - it's found in every cell in the body
- Some inherited factors increase blood cholesterol level, which increases the risk of heart disease
- Cholesterol is a fatty substance that's essential for good health - it's found in every cell in the body
- Some people may inherit factors that affect their metabolic rate
- People whose diet is badly out of balance are said to be malnourished
- Pathogens
- Pathogens are microorganisms that enter the body and cause disease
- There are two main types of pathogen: bacteria and viruses
- Bacteria
- Bacteria are very small cells (about 1/100th the size of human body cells), which can reproduce rapidly inside the body
- They make you feel ill by damaging your cells and producing toxins
- Viruses
- Viruses are not cells
- They're tiny, about 1/100th the size of a bacterium
- They replicate themselves by invading your cells and using the cells' machinery to produce many copies of themselves
- The cell will usually then burst, releasing all the new viruses, and this cell damage is what makes you feel ill
- Viruses are not cells
- Bacteria
- Fighting Disease
- Your skin, plus hairs and mucus in your respiratory tract, stop a lot of microorganisms getting inside your body
- To try and prevent microorganisms getting into the body through cuts, small fragments of cells called platelets help blood clot quickly to seal wounds
- White blood cells travel around in the blood, constantly patrolling for microbes
- When they come across an invading microbes they have three lines of attack:
- White blood cells can engulf foreign cells and digest them
- Antibodies
- Every invading cell has unique molecules called antigens on its surface
- When white blood cells come across a foreign antigen, they will start to produce proteins called antibodies to lock onto and kill the invading cells
- The antibodies produced are specific to that type of antigen - they won't lock onto any others
- If the person is infected with the same pathogen again the white blood cells will rapidly produce the antibodies to kill it - the person is naturally immune to that pathogen and won't get ill
- Antibodies are then produced rapidly and carried around the body to kill all similar bacteria or viruses
- The antibodies produced are specific to that type of antigen - they won't lock onto any others
- When white blood cells come across a foreign antigen, they will start to produce proteins called antibodies to lock onto and kill the invading cells
- Every invading cell has unique molecules called antigens on its surface
- Antitoxins - these counter toxins produced by the invading bacteria
- When they come across an invading microbes they have three lines of attack:
- Vaccination
- Vaccinations protect from future infection
- When you're infected with a new microorganism, it takes your white blood cells a few days to learn how to deal with it
- Vaccinations involve injecting small amounts of dead or inactive microorganisms
- These carry antigens, which cause your body to produce antibodies to attack them
- This means that if live microorganisms of the same type appear after that, the white blood cells can rapidly mass-produce antibodies to kill off the pathogen
- This is because the white blood cells have remembered the antibodies required for that antigen
- This means that if live microorganisms of the same type appear after that, the white blood cells can rapidly mass-produce antibodies to kill off the pathogen
- These carry antigens, which cause your body to produce antibodies to attack them
- Vaccinations involve injecting small amounts of dead or inactive microorganisms
- Advantages
- Vaccines have helped control lots of infectious diseases that were once common in the UK
- Disease epidemics can be prevented if a large percentage of the population is vaccinated
- Even the people who aren't vaccinated are unlikely to catch the disease because there are fewer people able to pass it on
- Disadvantages
- Sometimes they don't give you immunity
- Although they are very rare, you can sometimes have a bad reaction to a vaccine
- Some medicines, including painkillers, help to relieve the symptoms of infectious disease, but do not kill the pathogens.
- Antibiotics, including penicillin, are medicines that help to cure bacterial disease by killing infectious bacteria inside the body
- Antibiotics cannot be used to kill viral pathogens, which live and reproduce inside cells
- It is important that specific bacteria should be treated by specific antibiotics
- The use of antibiotics has greatly reduced deaths from infectious bacterial diseases
- Many strains of bacteria, including MRSA, have developed resistance to antibiotics as a result of natural selection
- Overuse and inappropriate use of antibiotics has increased the rate of development of antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria
- To prevent further resistance arising it is important to avoid over-use of antibiotics
- Now, antibiotics are not used to treat non-serious infections, such as mild throat infections, so that the rate of development of resistant strains is slowed down
- Antibiotics kill individual pathogens of the non-resistant strain
- Individual resistant pathogens survive and reproduce, so the population of the resistant strain increases
- The development of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria necessitates the development of new antibiotics
- The new strain will then spread rapidly because people are not immune to it and there is no effective treatment
- The development of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria necessitates the development of new antibiotics
- Individual resistant pathogens survive and reproduce, so the population of the resistant strain increases
- To prevent further resistance arising it is important to avoid over-use of antibiotics
- To prevent further resistance arising it is important to avoid over-use of antibiotics
- Now, antibiotics are not used to treat non-serious infections, such as mild throat infections, so that the rate of development of resistant strains is slowed down
- Mutations of pathogens produce new strains
- Antibiotics and vaccinations may no longer be effective against a new resistant strain of the pathogen
- The new strain will then spread rapidly because people are not immune to it and there is no effective treatment
- Antibiotics and vaccinations may no longer be effective against a new resistant strain of the pathogen
- Overuse and inappropriate use of antibiotics has increased the rate of development of antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria
- Many strains of bacteria, including MRSA, have developed resistance to antibiotics as a result of natural selection
- The use of antibiotics has greatly reduced deaths from infectious bacterial diseases
- It is difficult to develop drugs that kill viruses without also damaging the body’s tissues
- It is important that specific bacteria should be treated by specific antibiotics
- Antibiotics cannot be used to kill viral pathogens, which live and reproduce inside cells
- Semmelweis recognised the importance of hand-washing in the prevention of spreading some infectious diseases
- By insisting that doctors washed their hands before examining patients, he greatly reduced the number of deaths from infectious diseases in his hospital
- Uncontaminated cultures of microorganisms are required for investigating the action of disinfectants and antibiotics
- For this
- Petri dishes and culture media must be sterilised before use to kill unwanted microorganisms
- inoculating loops used to transfer microorganisms to the media must be sterilised by passing them through a flame
- the lid of the Petri dish should be secured with adhesive tape to prevent microorganisms from the air contaminating the culture
- In school and college laboratories, cultures should be incubated at a maximum temperature of 25°C, which greatly reduces the likelihood of growth of pathogens that might be harmful to humans.
- In industrial conditions higher temperatures can produce more rapid growth
- For this
- Diet and Metabolic Rate
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