Issues
- Created by: Pickledwalnuts
- Created on: 07-05-17 23:21
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- Issues
- Gender Bias
- Androcentrism
- Behaviour judged by male standard, view female behaviour as abnormal - higher levels of depression
- Alpha Bias
- Exaggerates differences between genders, often leads to females being undervalued - Freudian Gender
- Beta Bias
- Minimise differences between genders, assume response will be the same - Asch conformity
- Different treatment of either gender resulting in view that does not represent that gender
- Evaluation
- Beginning to recognise effect of values and assumptions/ embraced as critical aspect of research/ Dambrin & Lambert (2008) considered how gender affect interpretation
- Create misleading assumptions about women/ provide justification to deny women/ women are abnormal when men are normal/ damaging consequence on women's lives
- Lack of senior female researchers/ male researchers published more/ lab expts. disadvantage women as researcher labels them/ support institutional sexism
- Based on essentialist view that gende differnece is fixed/ 1930s 'scientific' research said intellectual activity would shrivel ovaries/ politically motivated by biological 'facts'/ creates double standard
- Feminists suggest criteria to avoid bias/ women studied in real-life context/ diversity within groups not between groups/ collaborative methods with qualitative data
- Androcentrism
- Cultural Bias
- Ethnocentrism
- Judging culture by standards of own culture, see other cultures as abnormal - Ainsworth
- Emic/Etic Approach
- An Emic approach considers culture from within it's own terms and uses local researchers - Buss
- Cultural Relativism
- Norms, values, ethics and morals can only be understood in specific social and cultural context
- Tendency to ignore cultural differences and judge through own culture
- Evaluation
- Often use collectivist & individualist distinctions/ collectivists focus on interdependence and the needs of the group/ world more interconnected less distinctions between Japan & USA/ cultural bias less of an issue
- Berry reminds that psychology is culturally specific/ not all behaviour is culturally relative/ basic facial expressions universal as is interactional synchrony/ full understanding needs universals and variation
- In Western culture assume ppts familiar with scientific enquiry/ same knowledge may not apply to other cultures/ demand characteristic/ adverse effect on validity
- Variables may not be experienced for all ppts/ behavioural expression like aggression may be different across cultures/ China view invasion of personal space as normal, western it's aggressive/ issues may affect interactions
- Cross-cultural research challenges western way of thinking/ knowing understanding is different may lead to greater sensitivity/ counters scientific racism/ greater validity if recognise role of culture
- Ethnocentrism
- Ethical Implications
- Impact of psychological research in terms of rights, societal levels, pubilc policy or view of a group
- Social Sensitivity
- Implications or consequences for ppts or class represented
- Evaluation
- Benefits of socially sensitive research/ promote greater sensitivity of controversial topics & groups/ unreliability of EWT resulted in fewer miscarriages of justice/ valuable role in society
- Phrasing may may influence way findings are interpreted/ cross-cultural research may be blighted by ethnocentrism/ heterosexual bias where homosexual relationships judged by hetero norm/ open mind so as to not misrepresent
- Research used to shape social policy without full consideration of implications/ research into subliminal messages used by marketing in 50s but findings were made up/ difficult to know who benefits from research/ ethical implications
- USA 20s & 30s legislation to sterilise 'feeble-minded'/ people of low intelligence and addicts/ rationale supported by psychologists that saw such as unfit to breed/ socially sensitive research used to support discriminatory practices
- Research with ethical implications subject to scrutiny by ethical committee/ weigh potential benefits against cost/ social consequences cannot always be anticipated/ subjective and truth can only be known afterwards
- Universality
- Characteristic of humans apply to all despite gender or cultural differences
- Bias
- Tendency to treat an individual or group differently to another
- Gender Bias
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