Infection and response
- Created by: benitaxx
- Created on: 08-05-17 16:20
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- Infection and response
- Pathogens and disease
- Pathogens
- Infections that cause communicable diseases
- Can be spread by direct contact or through water and air
- Vectors that carry and pass on pathogens without getting the disease
- Viral pathogens
- Viruses produce rapidly in body cells
- Causes damage to cells
- Measles
- Symptoms are fever and red skin rash
- Spread by breathing in droplets from sneezes and coughs
- Can be fatal so most children are vaccinated
- HIV
- At first HIV causes a flu like illness but if left untreated,attacks the immune system
- Taking anti-viral drugs can delay this
- Once the Virus reaches late stage the body is unable to fight off infections or cancers
- Spread by exchange of bodily fluids or sexual contact
- At first HIV causes a flu like illness but if left untreated,attacks the immune system
- Viruses produce rapidly in body cells
- Bacterial diseases
- Bacteria can damage cells or produce toxins that damage tissues
- Salmonella
- Food poisoning caused by bacteris
- Can come from food thats been cooked, stored or prepared incorrectly
- Chickens are carriers so in UK are vaccinateed
- Symptoms include fever, vomiting and diahorrea
- Because bacteria secrete toxins
- Ghonorrea
- Spread through sexual contact
- Thick yellow or green discharge and pain when urinating
- Can be prevented using barrier methods of cotraception
- Used to be treated with penicillin but resistant trains have now formed
- Protists and disease
- protists are single celled organisms
- Eukaryotic
- Malaria is caused by a protist
- use a particular type of mosquito as a vector
- When someone gets bitten It's passed on
- Malaria causes a fever which can be fatal
- To stop people being bitten they can use mosquito nets
- use a particular type of mosquito as a vector
- protists are single celled organisms
- Fungal diseases
- Rose black spot
- Spread when spores are carried plant to plant by water or wind
- Purple and black spots develop on leaves
- Turn yellow and drop
- loss or leaves prevents photosynthesis and stunts growth
- Turn yellow and drop
- Can be treated by using fungicides and destroying leaves
- Rose black spot
- Pathogens
- Human defences
- Body's defences
- Enzymes in tears destroy microorganisms
- Nose traps particles the may contain pathogens
- Glands in stomach produce hydrocholoric acid, killing bacteria in food
- Sebaceous gland in skin produces sebum which kills bacteria and fungi
- Immune system
- immune system tries to destroy pathogens
- Phagocytosis
- Microorganism enters body
- White blood cell finds microorganism and engulfs it
- White blood cell ingests microorganism
- microorganisms have been digested and destroyed
- White blood cell ingests microorganism
- White blood cell finds microorganism and engulfs it
- Microorganism enters body
- White blood cells can defend by producing antibodies
- Antigens are markers on surface of microorganisam
- White blood cells become sensitised to antigens and produce antibodies
- Antibodies lock onto antigens
- Causes microorganisms to clump together so they can be easily ingested
- Antibodies lock onto antigens
- White blood cells become sensitised to antigens and produce antibodies
- Antigens are markers on surface of microorganisam
- White blood cells can also produce antitoxins which neutralise poisonous affect of toxins
- Boosting immunity
- If the same pathogen reenters the body, the white blood cells respond quicker
- By giving a vaccination, a small, inactive amount of the disease is injected
- Once injected, it stimulates white blood cells to produce antibodies
- The white blood cells that are capable of quickly producing specific antibodies stay in the blood stream
- If a large proportion of the population can be made immune to a pathogen, it can't spread easily
- The white blood cells that are capable of quickly producing specific antibodies stay in the blood stream
- Once injected, it stimulates white blood cells to produce antibodies
- Body's defences
- Treating diseases
- Antibiotics can treat bacterial infections but not viral infection
- Bacterial strains resistant to antibiotics are increasing
- Called MRSA
- Patients should complete full course of antibiotics so no bacteria survives to form a resistant strain
- Doctors should not prescribe antibiotics for viral infections or non-serious infections
- Required Practical: place discs soaked in antibiotics on Agar. Incubate at 25 degrees for a few days
- Greater the area around each disk clear of bacteria, the better the antibiotic
- Drug development
- Drugs have to be tested to check they are safe before use
- They are then tested to see if they work and to find the optimum dose
- Double blind trials are carried out
- Some patients are given placebo, some are given real drug. Neither doctors or patients know what each person has
- Drugs have to be tested to check they are safe before use
- Monoclonal Antibodies
- Produced from a single cell that has cloned it's self
- Produced by combing mouse cells and tumor cells to make a cell called a hybridoma
- Only bind to one type of antigen so can only be used to target specific chemicals or cells
- Can be used for
- Pregnancy tests
- Labs to measure hormones or pathogens in blood
- To treat some diseases such as cancer
- Due to having more side affects than expected, they are not widely used
- Produced from a single cell that has cloned it's self
- Plant disease
- Detecting and identifying plant disease
- Stunted growth
- Spots on eaves
- Areas of decay
- Discolouration
- Growths
- Abnormal leaves or stem
- Presence of pests
- To identify disease look on gardening websites, take plants to a lb to identify pathogen or use a testing kit
- Tobacco mosaic virus
- Infects many plants including tobacco and tomatoes
- Discolouration leaves causing reduction in phtosynthesis
- This affects plant growth
- Aphids are small insects
- Feed from phloem, taking sugars away from plant
- Deficiency diseases
- caused by a lack of mineral ions in the soil
- Stunted growth is caused by nitrate defficiency beacuse nitrates are needed for photosynthesis
- Chlorosis is caused my magnesium deficiency because magnesium ions are needed to make chlorophyll
- Plant Defences
- Physical
- Cellulose cell walls
- Tough waxy cuticle on leaves
- Layers of dead cells which fall off and take pathogens with them
- Chemical
- Antibacterial chemicals
- Poisons to deter herbivores
- Mechanical daptations
- Thorns and hairs to deter animals
- leaves that droop or curl when touched
- Physical
- Detecting and identifying plant disease
- Pathogens and disease
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