infection and response

Created by: jacksie
Created on: 25-11-19 17:23

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infection and response
- communicable diseases
  - caused by pathogens
    - protists
      - malaria
        carried in female anophelemosqito
        enters blood stream through saliva
        
        mosqito nets
        insecticides
      - these have to be carried by a vector
      - parasitic
    - bacteria
      - gonnorohea
        thick yellow discharge
        green
        
        sexually transmitted
        
        condoms
        antibiotics
        resistant strains to penicillin
      - salmonella
        bacteria in gut of food
        raw poultry
        cook food
        
        was hands
        
        avoid cross contamination
      - produce toxins
        reproduce quickly through binary fission
    - viruses
      - viral diseases
        HIV
        sexually transmitted disease
        attacks immune system
        aids
        
        use condoms
        
        measles
        droplet infection
        red rash
        
        pneumonia
        
        quarantine
        vaccination
        
        hygiene
        
        Tobacco mosaic virus
        discolouration of the life
        limited photosynthesis
        
        good field health
      - very small
        enter cells
        
        reproduce
        
        causes cells to burst
    - fungi
      - rose black spot
        travels by water
        causes black spot leaves to fall off
        limited photosynthesis
        fungicides
      - single celled
        or hyphae thread like
        produce spores
  - these disease are infectious
- defense systems
  - human
    - skin
      - physical barrier
      - keratinasation
        formation of a hard protective cover
    - mucus
      - sticks to pathogens
    - hydrochloric acid
      - kills pathogens
    - immune system
      - antibodies
        stick to antigen of a pathogen
        marking it for lymphocytes
        
        clump a pathogen together
      - phlagocytes
        phlagocytosis
        engulf the pathogen
      - antitoxins
        neutralise toxins released by bacteria
      - apoptosis
        programmed cell death
  - vaccination
    - dead or inert virus
      - triggers white blood cells
        produces antibodies
        if infected quicker response
    - herd immunity
      - if most people are vaccinated, limits effect on others
    - eradicates virus
      - smallpox 1979
    - immunisi people
    - can have allergic reactions
  - antibiotics
    - kills bacteria
      - salvarsan 606
    - penicillin
    - however mutations
      - create resistance
        MRSA
        ineffectiveantbiotics
        stop overusing
- drugs
  - tested for efficacy
    - dosage
      - toxicity
  - plants
    - aspirin
      - from a willow tree
        painkiller
    - digitalis
      - from fox glove
        treat heart problems
  - preclinical testing
    - this is testing on live tissue, cells and animals
    - clinical testing
      - volunteers and patients
      - low dose
        checks there are no harmful side effects
        thylidamide
        
        then finds optimal dosage
        efficacy
        placebo
        no active ingredient
        no effect
        
        single-blind or double blind testing
        remove biases
        
        peer reviewed to check repeatability
- plant diseases
  - stunted growth
    - area of decay
      - discolouration
        abnormal growth
        malformedstems
  - aphids
    - infestation
      - malformedstems
  - deficiencies
    - nitrate deficiency
      - stunted growth
        converts sugars made into proteins
      - defence
        waxy cuticle
        physical barrier
        
        scleenchyma
        dead cells
        bark
        
        chemical
        poisons
        ward of herbivores
        
        physical
        mimcry
        pretend to look dead
        droop
        remove aphids
        
        patterns like butterfly eggs
        
        thorns
    - magnesium
      - magnesium makes chlorophyll
        green pigment
      - chlorosis
        becomes yellow
- monoclonal antibodies
  - creation
    - mouse injected with pathogen
      - the lymphocytes are collected
        bind with myeloma cell, tumour cell
        creates a hybridomacell
        divides and replicates rapidly
        these are the monoclonal antibodies
  - uses
    - pregnacy tests
      - mobile and stationary antibodies
        mobile antibodieshave a blue dye attached
        they will bind to HCG
        urine moves up the stick
        the hug/antibody complex binds to stationary antibody
        creates a blue line which shows that you are pregnant
    - monitoring
      - test for HIV
        specific to HIV
        have fluorescent dye
        shows up
    - treat cancer
      - binds to the antigen of a tumour
        on the cell surface membrane
        stops the malignant tumour from dividing so rapidly
        
        transport radioactive, chemical, toxins to kill the tumour
  - since created with mouse
    - autoimmune
      - however can be specific
        mouse-human hybrid
        less chance of an autoimmune response

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infection and response

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