Gender Theories
- Created by: ImmyD
- Created on: 20-02-17 13:59
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- Gender Theories
- Don Zimmerman & Candace West
- dominance theory
- in mixed-sex discourse men are more likely to interrupt
- men dominate or attempt to do so
- limited sample size
- white, middle class under 35s
- bias
- Robin Lakoff
- Men's terms are generic to humanity
- mankind
- chairman / policeman / fireman
- women are socialised to seem trivial, silly & powerless
- empty vocab
- tag questions to solicit approval
- hedges
- super-polite words
- weak expletives
- deficit approach
- women are described with physical attributes ( i.e. sexualised) as well as their relation to men
- by avoiding these features woman are "ridiculed and subjected to criticism as unfeminine"
- men dominate professional conversation & interrupt more
- men rely on to put people at ease socially
- women encourage & support others as well as asking more questions
- Men's terms are generic to humanity
- Jeperson Ottoman
- women have less vocab than men
- woman talk too much
- use adverbs & tend towards hyperbole
- more fluent in speaking & hesitate less
- women have a debilitating effect on language
- master foreign languages more easily but are inferior when translating a difficult text
- men are responsible for introducing new words into language
- women use "veiled and indirect expressions"
- Geoffrey Beattie
- 10 hrs of tutorial discussion
- found that both sexes interrupted at about the same frequency
- men 34.1, women 33.8
- Deborah Tannen
- difference theory
- status vs. support
- independence vs. intimacy
- advice vs. understanding
- orders vs. proposals
- conflict vs. compromise
- men= report talk women= rapport talk
- male are regarded as the norm
- male generic terms
- women are those who have to change
- if women invade the male realm of speech they are considered unfeminine, rude or bitchy
- high involvement speakers vs. high-consideration speakers
- contrasts overlap (cooperative overlap) & interuption
- Pamela Fishman
- in mixed-sex discourse men speak twice as long as women
- dominance theory
- women ask questions not due to weakness but due to the power of these
- how conversation fails not due to female speech but how men respond or fail to respond
- in mixed-sex discourse men speak twice as long as women
- Majorie Goodwin
- in experiment where a group of boys made slingshots together & girls made rings
- boys- hierachal
- girls- made suggestions & accepted others'
- the girls adopted a hierarchal structure when playing house & the role of the mother
- Janet Holmes
- society expects better behaviour of women
- women use more standard forms & less vernacular forms than men
- women are subordinateto men & mustn't offend them
- men must exert their masculinty
- women are expected to model correct behaviour
- women are more status conscious than men
- Jennifer Coates
- women's talk is supportive & cooperative
- chatting
- bitching
- scandal
- house talk
- use hedges to "respect the addressee's face needs"
- Don Zimmerman & Candace West
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