Ecosystems
- Created by: livmoss
- Created on: 27-09-16 13:55
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- Ecosystems
- Methods of sampling for distribution and abundance
- Measuring distribution
- Quadrat
- Transect
- Measuring abundance
- Directly counting individuals
- Percentage cover
- Measuring distribution
- What is an ecosystem?
- A community of different species that depend on each other and abiotic environment in a sef-contained area.
- Biotic factors
- Predator/prey
- Autotrophic - light or chemical energy to fix carbon
- Heterotrophic - cannot fix carbon so have to intake complex carbon compounds
- Predator/prey
- Abiotic factors
- CO2 & O2 concentration
- Water
- Can be of different sizes
- e.g. Mini-ecosystem could be a rockpool/tree
- Biomass
- Plants to primary consumers
- Only about 10% efficiency
- Not all of plant eaten by herbivores
- Primary consumers to secondary consumers
- Much of the energy from plant used by herbivore
- Movement
- Heat
- Respiration
- Reproduction
- Not all of the herbivore's body is eaten
- Only about 15-20% efficiency
- Much of the energy from plant used by herbivore
- Autotrophs
- Not much light energy used for photosynthesis
- Plants dont have pigments to absorb all wavelengths
- some light refelcted from leaves
- Some light passes through leaves
- Not much light energy used for photosynthesis
- How humans manipulate energy flow in plants and livestock
- Maximise energy input
- Food
- Maximise growth
- Water/ fertiliser/ selective breeding
- Food supplements/selective breeding
- Control disease
- Fungicides
- Antibiotics/ vaccines
- Control predation
- Reduce competition.
- Kill weeds
- Control competitor species
- Reduce energy loss
- Plant with high energy in edible products e.g seeds/fruit
- Restrict movement/ control body temperature
- Maximise energy input
- Plants to primary consumers
- Succession
- Pioneer species
- Seral stage
- Change in environment means more species can grow
- Pioneer species not the best adapted anymore
- Pioneer species gets outcompeted
- Area goes through several stages of different communities
- Pioneer species gets outcompeted
- Pioneer species not the best adapted anymore
- Change in environment means more species can grow
- Climax community
- The community that is the final stage of a natural succession
- Secondary succession is the REcolonisation of an area. e.g. after bush fire
- Defelcted succession
- When succession doesn't reach the climax
- Maintains an early seral stage
- Grazing animals reduce competition from fast-growing grasses
- Methods of sampling for distribution and abundance
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