demography
- Created by: Natali305
- Created on: 27-01-20 09:14
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- Demography
- birth rate
- number of births per thousand per year
- sharp peaks at the end of wars and decrease when the 1967 abortion act came into practice
- women are more career driven SUE SHARPE - 1990's girls focused mre on careers than children
- Children are an economic liability (children can't work until the age of 16)
- better education and disease control (lowers the infant mortality rate, birth rate increase)
- public health interventions (NHS, school nurse ect)
- immigration creates an increased birth rate (more fertile)
- impact on family size- live in smaller families (geographic mobility), ageing population as less children are being born, stretch on HSC services
- death
- ratio of deaths to the population in a particular area
- disease of affluence- a disease in relation to someones life and societal conditions eg asthma
- reasons for decline... improved nutritition medical improvements smoking and diet and less manual work due to eduaction
- NHS, sugar tax, more greenary, less plastic
- McKeowen (1972), nutrition brought a decline in half of the death rates (better resistance), but doesn't show why women have a smaller share of food yet live longer
- from 1900-2012 the death rate has decreased by half
- life expectancy
- average amount of years an individual is meant to live for
- increase, 1900's men (50) 2013 (90.7), increase of over 40 years
- many children never lived over their 1st birthday
- Harper 'radical longitivity' by 2100 there is predicted to be 1 million people living over the age of 100
- working class people will have a lower life expectancy (north and west) as they are more likely to do unskilled work
- Walker, those living in the poorest areas will die on average 7 years earlier than the richest, disability difference is 17 years
- manual worker could have a higher death rate due to poor and dangerous conditions, and lower control in what they do so may suffer from MH cond.
- Ageing Population
- living longer 1971, avg 34.1, 2013 40.3%
- in 2014 there were more old people than younger
- Hirsch (2005) age pyramids say that over time there has become more older people than younger, by 2041 2/3 of the population will be over 40.
- mortality rate has decreased 57-19 deaths per thousand people, exception of poor countries.
- older people need to be encouraged to 'trade down' housing policy
- increased fertility, medical advancement, life expect increase
- public services are more stretched not enough money or staff, many remain in good health
- one person households, Kleinburg people are dependent on the state or their own income, become lonely maintain independence
- dependency ratio- economically dependent on tax payers, amount of people per pensioner is decreasing 2.8 before 2033.
- retirement age needs to increase or not let a retirement age exist.
- living longer 1971, avg 34.1, 2013 40.3%
- ageism,post modernity, modernity
- prejudice or discrimination on someone's age
- old age is a cycle but is seen as being dependent on others
- fixed stages are breaking down, children act like adults and late marriage
- Hunt (2005), lifestyle and identity regardless of age, market has become prime eg: anti ageing products
- old Pilcher (1995), class and gender inequalities still important, women = less money, class, poorer have less savings
- Migration, immigration and emigration
- migration has changed over time 1945 (irish) to 1980's restrictions being put into place on non white immigrants from the EU
- more immigrate than emigrate
- New right argue that immigration threatens national identity as they bring their own norms and values, the increase has caused a lot more threats and pressures within the NHS, education and on the economy.
- people move to escape war, for jobs and sometimes for oppurtunities involving education
- lower avg age as many are younger this results in them being more fertile and having children.
- children will join the labour force over time become settled and has a reduced impact on the dependency ratio.
- people are becoming more inter-connected (globalisation)
- Vertovec (2007), super-diversity, ehnic groups travelling from larger distances (disperse)
- 3 types of migrant
- citizens- full rights harder since 1970 act
- denizens-priviledged, welcomed by high paying jobs
- Helots-most exploited 'disposable units 'reserve of unskilled labour
- feminism in migration
- joined the labour force
- no domestic
- service occupations need women
- 40% adult care nurses are immigrants
- transnational identities , many don't identify as belonging to a country
- assimilation
- encourage migrants to adopt new culture and language
- hybrid identities are more incline
- counter productive see some cultures as backwards , lead to emphasis of difference eg for lack of jobs
- racially divided working class developed
- shallow diversity more accepted as it does not force anyone to accept anything
- birth rate
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