Crude oil

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  • Crude Oil
    • Made up of a mixture of compounds (not chemically bonded)
    • Most compounds in crude oil are hydrocarbons- made up of hydrogen and carbon
    • Alkanes= one E so one bond between carbon molecules. General formula C(n)H2(n)+2
      • Alkanes: Monkeys Eat Peanut Butter. Methane, Ethane, Propane, Butane
    • Fractional distillation- separating compounds with different boiling points
      • Top=cooler. Bottom= hotter
      • The crude oil evaporates and its vapours condense at different temperatures in the fractionating column
      • Shortest chains have the lowest boiling points so rise the highest.
    • Properties of hydrocarbons
      • Short chain= low boiling point, high flammability and low viscosity (thickness)
      • Long chains= high boiling points, low flamability, high viscosity
    • Most fuels (coal) contain carbon, hydrogen and possibly sulfur
      • When burnt they may produce carbon dioxide, water (vapour), carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrate oxides and solid particulates (carbon)
        • Carbon dioxide and water produced when carbon and hydrogen are oxidised
          • Global warming
        • If there are low oxygen levels when burning, incomplete combustion will take place.
          • Produce carbon monoxide- poisonous gas
        • Sulfur dioxide and nitrate oxides cause acid rain
        • Solid particulates cause global dimming- (sun blocked)
    • Reducing damage
      • Sulfur can be removed from fuels before they are burned, eg in vehicles. 
      • Sulfur dioxide can be removed from the waste gases after combustion, eg in power stations.

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