B1.1

Created by: courtneyayres
Created on: 23-02-17 20:21

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Core Biology B1.1
- Diet
  - A balanced diet has the right balance of food types.
  - Carbohydrate provide energy
  - Fats are used for energy and as an insulator.
  - Protein is used by the body for growth and cell repair.
  - Fibre helps digestion
  - Water is needed by the body for the nervous system.
- Metabolic rate
  - Metabolic rate is the rate in which chemical reactions occur in cells
  - Exercise increases the metabolic rate
  - The proportion of muscle to fat in your body can affect your metabolic rate.
- Weight problems
  - If the energy you take in equals the the energy you use then your mass will stay the same
  - If the energy you take in is more than you use then your mass will increase
- Cholesterol
  - You need good cholesterol for you cell membranes and to make vital substances
  - Small numbers of the population inherit high levels of cholesterol which can lead to heart disease.
- Pathogens
  - Pathogens are micro-organisms which cause infectious diseases.
  - Pathogens reproduce rapidly inside the body and may produce toxins.
  - Bacteria and viruses can make you feel ill by producing toxins.
    - Viruses are smaller than bacteria and reproduce inside cells.
      - The damage to the cells makes you feel ill.
- Semmelweiss
  - Semmelweiss realised that infection could be transferred from person to person in a hospital
  - Semmelweiss told his staff to wash their hands between treating patients
- Defence mechanisms
  - White blood cells are part of the immune system
    - They ingest pathogens
    - They produce antibodies
    - They produce antitoxins.
  - Antibiotics kill infective bacteria in the body
    - Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928.
    - Painkillers relieve symptoms but do not kill pathogens.
  - Vaccines
    - 1. Dead or inactive pathogens are injected into the body.
      - 2. The antigens in the vaccine stimulate your white blood cells to make antibodies.
        3. The antibodies kill the antigens without the risk of disease.
        4. Immunity occurs because your body can respond rapidly and make the correct antibody.
    - Disease that spread within in a country is an epidemic. Disease that spread across countries is a pandemic.
- Cultures
  - A culture of micro-organisms can be used to find the effects of antibiotics
  - Contamination might come from your skin, air, soil of water around you.
  - A culture contains a medium called agar jelly
    - Provide warmth and oxygen
      - Keep incubated at 25C at school and 35C in industry.
- Resistant bacteria
  - 1.Mutations of pathogen produce new strains some resistant to bacteria.
    - 2. Antibiotics kill the non-resistant strain.
      - 3. The resistant strain survive and reproduce a population of resistant strain.

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