Challenges at Home and Abroad, 1569-1588
- Created by: ash8642
- Created on: 20-04-18 14:27
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- Challenges at Home and Abroad, 1569-1588
- The Revolt of the Northern Earls, 1569-1570
- Most Northern Earls were catholic
- Hoped Mary would replace Elizabeth
- Elizabeth has confiscated land from the Earl of Northumberlan
- Shared between his main rival in the North and a Protestant in the South
- Elizabeth claimed profits from copper mines on his estates
- Elizabeth reduced Northern nobles' power and increased her power
- They believed that some of the Privy Council had become too powerful
- Duke of Norfolk planned to marry Mary
- Recognise her as Elizabeth's heir
- Plan was uncovered
- Feared of execution for involvement
- Rebelled and tried to overthrow
- November 1569 - Earls captured Durham
- Celebrated Catholic Mass
- Made their way to Tutbury
- Large royal army forced them to retreat
- Westmorland fled abroad
- Northumberland executed
- Most serious rebellion
- Showed danger of Mary
- 1570 - Pope Pius V excommunicated Elizabeth
- Most Northern Earls were catholic
- Catholic Plots at Home
- Ridolfi Plot
- Ridolfi was an Italian banker
- 1571 - Developed a plot to overthrow Elizabeth
- Assassinate Elizabeth, then marry Mary to Norfolk
- Plot failed
- Elizabeth's allies passed on the names of those involved
- Intercepted letters
- Throckmorton Plot, 1583
- Assassinate Elizabeth and replace her with Mary
- Invasion of French troops
- Financed by Phillip II and the Pope
- Francis Throckmorton was the leading figure
- Walsingham placed Throckmorton under surveillance
- Bond of Association drafted
- Aimed to prevent these plots
- Signed by English nobility and gentry
- Execute anyone who attempted to overthrow the Queen
- Rise in the threat of foreign invasion
- Obedience to the Pope was more important than to the Queen for some
- Babington Plot, 1586
- Involved France and Spain
- Assassinate Elizabeth planned
- Anthony Babington relayed letters between Mary and her supporters
- Walsingham intercepted letters and decoded the,
- Conspirators were arrested, tried and executed for treason
- Mary was put on trial too due to Walsingham's evidence
- October 1568, Mary was found guilty and sentenced to death
- Death warrant signed and execution on 8th February 1587
- Ridolfi Plot
- Relations with Spain
- England and Spain were political and regilious rivals
- Spain was a great imperial power
- Ruled Spain, Netherlands, parts of Italy, had a large empire in North and South America, became king of Portugal
- England hoped to create an empire that would rival Spain
- English exports went through Dutch ports
- Elizabeth seized gold off Spainish ships when they docked in England
- Phillip responded by seizing English ships in Antwerp
- Banned English trade with the Netherlands for a time
- Elizabeth encouraged privateers to illegally tade with Spanish colonies
- She could deny responsibility that way
- Received a share of the profits
- Treasure received from Drake in 1580 was worth more than her income that year
- War with Spain, 1585-1588
- 1581 - Protestant rebels declare independence from Spain
- 1585 - Treaty of Nonsuch
- Place Netherlands under her protection
- Elizabeth wanted to protect Protestiantsm
- Netherlands' ports were essential to English exports
- Natherlands could be used as a base for English invasion
- Stop Spain controlling almost the entire Channel and Atlantic coasts
- Robert Dudley accepted position of Governor-General in Netherlands
- Elizabeth forced him to resign
- Dudley's campaigns were unsuccessful
- Wasn't a talented general
- His officers were divided over strategy
- He had a small army
- Poorly equpped
- Sufficient funds not provided
- Drake's Raid on Cadiz, 1587
- Drake was sent to disrupt Spanish preparation for the Armada
- Ships being built in Lisbon
- No hope of a successful attack
- Attacked Cadiz instead
- Seize or destroy naval supplies
- Destroyed around 30 ships
- Sailed along coast of Spain and Portugal
- Seizing ships and destroying supplies
- Captured San Filipe
- Cargo covered cost of expedition and improved England's defences
- Delayed the Armada for more than a year
- Spain's finances strained
- The Spanish Armada, 1588
- Armada was 130 ships, 8000 sailors, and 18000 soldiers
- Duke of Medina Sidonia appointed to lead
- Little military or naval experience
- Plan to meet Parma's army at Dunkirk
- Set out on May 1588
- Delayed due to bad weather and English interception
- Fleet spotted off Cornwall in July
- English set sail from Plymouth
- Armada sailed in cresent formation
- English only carried out minor raids, without much damage
- Parma unable to meet Spanish troops due to Dutch blockade
- English sent 8 fireships
- Caused distress to Spanish who broke formation
- Spanish unable to return to defensive formation due to weather
- Fleet forced by English to sail into North Sea
- Medina Sidonia called off attack
- Sailed around Scotland and Ireland
- Encountered Atlantic storms
- Many ships sank or were wrecked
- Fewer than half the fleet and 10000 men returned to Spain
- English Strengths
- Ship building had improved
- Stayed out of Spanish's range and fired broadsides
- Spanish weaknesses
- Men lacked naval warfare experience
- Ships were vulnerable while waiting for Parma due to not having control of a deep-water port
- Luck
- Death of Spain's admiral led to appointment of an inexperienced leader
- Weather made it impossible for Spanish to return to the Channel
- English victory removed threat of Spanish invasion
- The Revolt of the Northern Earls, 1569-1570
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