Carbohydrates

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  • Carbohydrates
    • Contain hydrogen, carbon and oxygen
    • Monosaccharides
      • triose
        • C?H?O?
        • For metabolism
        • e.g. glyceraldehyde
      • pentose
        • C?H??O?
        • In nucleic acids (base/back)
        • e.g. deoxyribose- DNA        ribose - RNA
      • hexose
        • C?H??O?
        • Energy (respiration)
        • e.g. glucose, fructose and galactose
          • alpha glucose = OH below plane of the ring
          • Beta glucose= OH above plane of the ring
      • general formula= C?(H?O)?
    • Disaccharides
      • formed by condensation
        • loss of water to form new bonds
      • broken down by hydrolysis
        • insertion of water to break bonds
      • Maltose
        • Glucose + Glucose = Maltose + water
      • Sucrose
        • Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose + water
        • used by plants to transport sugars in phloem
      • Lactose
        • Glucose + Galactose = Lactose + Water
    • Polysaccharides
      • structural - beta glucose monomer
        • Cellulose
          • cell wall in plant cells
          • adjacent monomers flip 180 degrees with 1,4 glycosidic bonds
            • straight chains held by         H-Bonds
            • Chains group together to form microfibrils
              • High tensile strength
          • fully permeable
            • allows transport through apoplast pathway
        • Chitin
          • cell wall in fungal cells
          • Exoskeleton in insects
            • strong and light
          • adjacent monomers flip 180 degrees like cellulose
            • straight chain
              • H- Bonds
            • high tensile strength
          • waterproof
          • has an amino acid group added to make a mucopolysacc-haride
      • Energy storage - alpha glucose monomer
        • Starch (plant)
          • Amylose
            • 1,4 glycosidic bond
            • Straight chain which coils
              • Compact
          • Amylopectin
            • 1,4  and 1,6 glycosidic bonds
              • Branched chain
                • hydrolysed faster
          • too large to transport
          • Insoluble
            • no osmotic effect on cell
              • effective storage molecule in plants
        • Glycogen (animal)
          • 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds
            • highly branched chain
              • hydrolised faster - get energy faster
          • compact
          • insoluble
            • no osmotic effect
          • to large to transport
        • Both structurally the same

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