carbohydrates
- Created by: Hollyebennett
- Created on: 06-11-19 17:32
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- Carbohydrate
- elements: CHO
- general formula:(CH2O)n
- organic molecules - contain C H
- macro-molecule polymers
- large mc, NORMALLY insoluble
- consisting of long chains of smaller repeating units
- monosaccharides - single sugars
- trioses sugar -3C
- formed in the processes of respiration and PS
- pentose sugar -5C
- ribose from ribose nucleotides and deoxyribose from deoxyribose nucleotides
- ribose - c 2 has OH group down
- deoxyribose - c 2 has OH group up
- ribose from ribose nucleotides and deoxyribose from deoxyribose nucleotides
- hexose sugar - 6C
- C6H12O6
- glucose
- 2 isomers = a glucose and B glucose
- orientation of -OH group on C1
- a glucose on C1 OH is down
- B glucose on C1 OH is up
- 2 isomers = a glucose and B glucose
- fructose
- only four C in the ring
- galactose
- isomers -same no. of atoms in a diff arrangement
- glucose
- C6H12O6
- trioses sugar -3C
- disaccharides- double sugars
- formed by the constitute of 2 monosaccharides
- a glucose + a glucose = MALTOSE
- linked by a 1-4 a glyosidic bond
- a glucose + fructose = SUCROSE
- a glucose + galactose = lactose
- a glucose + a glucose = MALTOSE
- linked by glyosidic bonds
- products = disaccharide and 1 WATER MC
- bond formed = condensation reaction
- bond broken = hydrolysis reaction
- formed by the constitute of 2 monosaccharides
- polysaccharides - NOT SUGARS
- starch
- energy storage in plant cells - Chloroplasts
- a glucose mc
- chains may be unbranched - AMYLOSE or branched AMYLOPECTIN
- amylose C1-C4 glyosidic bond
- create a helical strand
- long chains and animal enzymes can hydrolyse a glucose glyosidic bonds so starch provides glucose
- amylopectin C1-C6 AND C1-C4 glyosidic bonds
- branching by linking the chains
- compact storage of glucose and many terminal ends for rapid hydrolysis
- amylose C1-C4 glyosidic bond
- large insoluble mc - osmotically inert. doesn't effect water balance and easily retained w/in the cell
- long chain POLYMERS of repearting glucose mc formed by numerous con reactions
- glycogen
- energy store in muscle/ liver and fungi
- a glucose mc
- much more highly branched - more C1-C6 glyosidic bond
- very compact storage of glucose
- readily hydrolysed by enzymes - many terminal ends for enzymes to attach
- C1-C4 a glyosidic bonds
- long chains of glucose to be joined - polymer
- animal enzymes can hydrolysis a glucose GB - glycogen can release glucose when needed
- large insoluble mc - osmotically inert. doesn't effect water balance and easily retained w/in the cell
- cellulose
- structural support in plant cell walls
- B glucose mc
- chains are unbranched
- linked by B C1-C4 GB creating straight chains - orientation of B glucose units
- chains run parallel to each other
- bundled together to form microfibrils
- bundles together to form thread like fibrils laid down in layers in cell wall
- provide structural support to cell having tensile strength. resist cell lysiss
- mesh like structure as MF run perpendicular to each other
- strength in more than 1 plane
- bundles together to form thread like fibrils laid down in layers in cell wall
- MB formed by H bonds b/w chains
- bundles together to form thread like fibrils laid down in layers in cell wall
- provide structural support to cell having tensile strength. resist cell lysiss
- bundles together to form thread like fibrils laid down in layers in cell wall
- bundled together to form microfibrils
- animal enzymes cannot hydrolyse - don't contain cellulase
- fungi, bacteria and some protoctistans can attack these bonds and break down plant CW
- chains run parallel to each other
- starch
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