C9: Crude Oil and Fuels

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Created on: 28-04-19 16:18

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C9 - Crude Oil and Fuels
- 9.1: Hydro carbons
  - Crude Oil Formation
    - 4. pressure and heat increases, fossils turn to crude oil
    - 3. over time the mud, silt and sediment will turn to rock
    - 5. the oil then rises through permeable rock until it reaches impermeable rock
    - 2. silt, mud and sediment fall on top of it
    - 1. dead living organisms falls down to the bottom of the sea
  - Definitions
    - hydrocarbons
      - contains hydrogen and carbon only
    - crude oil
      - a mixture of hydrocarbons
    - alkanes
      - hydrocarbons with single bonds
  - Alkanes
    - ethane
      - C2H6
      - 2 carbons
    - Butane
      - C4H10
      - 4 carbons
    - methane
      - CH4
      - 1 carbon
    - propane
      - C3H8
      - 3 carbons
    - Other info
      - alkanes are saturated and contain single covalent bonds
      - its not very useful straight out of the ground as it's a mixture with different properties
      - GENERAL FORMULA: CnH2n+2
      - you separate hydrocarbons using fractional distillation
      - alkanes end in ane
- 9.2: Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil
  - Smaller Hydrocarbons
    - least viscose
    - most flammable
    - most volatile
  - Larger Hydrocarbons
    - most viscose
    - least flammable
    - least volatile
  - Use of fractions
    - gases
      - gasoline / petrol
        kerosene / paraffin
        diesel oil
        lubricating oil and waxes
        fuel oil
        tar / bitumen
        
        heated crude oil in --->
- 9.3: Burning Hydrocarbons
  - Combustion
    - practical diagram for combustion
    - equations for combustion
      - decane
        decane+ oxygen -> water + carbon dioxide
        
        C10H22 + 15.5O2 -> 11H2O + 10CO2
      - propane
        propane+ oxygen -> water + carbon dioxide
        
        C3H8 + 5O2 -> 4H2O + 3CO2
      - ethane
        ethane + oxygen -> water + carbon dioxide
        
        C2H6 + 3.5O2 -> 3H2O + 2CO2
      - methane
        methane + oxygen -> water + carbon dioxide
        
        CH4 + 2O2 -> 2H2O + CO2
  - complete combustion
    - CONDITIONS: plenty of O2
    - when hydrocarbons burn in a plentiful supply of oxygen they are fully oxidised
    - PRODUCTS: CO2 + H2O
    - HYDRO = +O2 (goes to water or hydrogen oxide). CARBONS = + O2 (goes to CO2)
  - Burning Fuels
    - fuel = a substance which releases useful energy when it is burnt
    - most fuels contain carbon and / or hydrogen, and may also contain some sulfur
  - Tests
    - Carbon Dioxide test
      - lime water goes cloudy
    - Oxygen test
      - relights a glowing splint
    - Water test
      - cobalt chloride paper turns pink
  - incomplete combustion
    - CONDITIONS: not enough O2
    - PRODUCTS: CO + H2O
      - CO = carbon monoxide, poisonous (colourless and odourless)
- 9.4: Cracking
  - cracking converts the longer chain hydrocarbons into shorter, more useful hydrocarbons including alkenes
  - Conditions
    - the reaction requires high temperatures (roughly 800 degrees Celsius) and a catalyst - aluminium oxide
  - Cracking Summary
    - 2. Long hydrocarbons can be broken down (cracked) into smaller more useful hydrocarbons, including alkenes
    - 3. This process requires high temperatures and a catalyst
    - 1. Hydrocarbons with long chains have limited use due to their lack of flammability
    - 4. It is a type of thermal decomposition
  - Crack the equation
    - use whats given in the question then fill the gaps
    - C10H22 --> C8H18 + C2H4

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C9: Crude Oil and Fuels

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