gcse science chemistry unit C6 part 2
- Created by: charlie
- Created on: 07-05-13 22:13
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- C6
- hardness of water
- wont form a lather
- forms limescale
- thermal insulator
- caused by
- Ca2+ and Mg2+
- magnesium sulphate dissolves
- calcium sulphate only a little
- calcium carbonate
- reacts with acids
- CO2+H2O=H2CO3(carbonic acid)
- CO2+H2O+CaCO3=Ca(HCO3)2
- reacts with acids
- temporary
- removed by boiling
- calcium hydrogen-carbonate thermally decomposes
- removed by boiling
- both type
- removed by sodium carbonate
- carbonate ions join to calcium ions forming insoluble precipitate
- Ca2+(aq) + CO3 2- (aq) =CaCO3 (s)
- carbonate ions join to calcium ions forming insoluble precipitate
- ion exchange resin
- sodium or hydrogen ions replace
- removed by sodium carbonate
- fats and oils
- esthers
- acid+alcohol
- fatty acid+glycerol
- acid+alcohol
- oil-in-water emulsion
- milk
- water-in-oil emulsion
- butter
- vegetable oils
- produce biodiesel
- similar properties to normal fuels
- provides lots of energy
- produce biodiesel
- esthers
- plant oils
- unsaturated C=C
- monounsaturated one C=C
- polyunsaturated >C=C
- tested using bromine water
- decolourise to colourless as Br attach
- stays orange
- hydrogenated
- liquid at room temp
- hardened= hydorgen+nickel catalyst (60 'C)
- opens out double bonds (margarine)
- partially hydrogenated vegetable oil
- increase cholesterol
- partially hydrogenated vegetable oil
- opens out double bonds (margarine)
- hardened= hydorgen+nickel catalyst (60 'C)
- liquid at room temp
- affect health
- unsaturated
- vegetable fats and oils
- reduce blood cholesterol
- vegetable fats and oils
- saturated
- animal fats and oils
- increase cholesterol
- animal fats and oils
- unsaturated
- unsaturated C=C
- alcohols
- C(n)H(2n+1)OH
- M,E,P,B...
- fermentation
- glucose=ethanol +carbon dioxide
- then fractionally distilled=pure ethanol
- enzymes in yeast
- optimum temp 25-50
- prevent O2- vinegar
- F VS H
- H: continuous, expensive,crude oil,pure,95% yields
- F: batch,renewable (ethanol), not pure,low atom economy, low yields
- glucose=ethanol +carbon dioxide
- hydrating ethene
- industrially
- ethene+water(steam)=ethanol
- 300'c
- 70 atmospheres
- phosphoric acid catalyst
- F VS H
- H: continuous, expensive,crude oil,pure,95% yields
- F: batch,renewable (ethanol), not pure,low atom economy, low yields
- detergents
- hydrophilic head (loves the water)
- hydrophobic tail (loves oil)
- intermolecular forces means hydrophobic attaches to oil and lifts off
- dry cleaning
- uses solvents completely dissolve oil
- weak intermole. beween solvent
- weak intermole. between oil
- intermole. form between solvent and oil
- solvent removed with grease
- intermole. form between solvent and oil
- weak intermole. between oil
- washing at lower temp. saves energy
- biological detergents- enzymes catalysts
- wash delicate clothes
- hardness of water
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